dunod.com

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Free website and domain report on dunod.com

Last Updated: 5th January, 2021 Update Now
Overview

Snoop Summary for dunod.com

This is a free and comprehensive report about dunod.com. Our records indicate that dunod.com is privately registered by DUNOD EDITEUR. Dunod.com is expected to earn an estimated $123 USD per day from advertising revenue. The sale of dunod.com would possibly be worth $89,656 USD. This figure is based on the daily revenue potential of the website over a 24 month period. Dunod.com receives an estimated 29,039 unique visitors every day - a massive amount of traffic! This report was last updated 5th January, 2021.

About dunod.com

Site Preview: dunod.com dunod.com
Title: Dunod Editeur
Description: Dunod Editions. Edition de livres de savoirs pour étudiants, professionnels, amateurs en entreprise, sciences, techniques, informatique, psy, bien-être et lo...
Keywords and Tags: comptabilité analytique de gestion dunod 2013 pdf, dunod, dunod publisher, livre, livres, online shopping, pratique de la maintenance préventive pdf, psychologie féminine drague pdf, réussir le concours de contrôleur des douanes, éditeur, éditeurs, édition, éditions
Related Terms: etudiants, livres doccasion, owczarki i psy pasterskie, psy, psy nowiny, psy.d.
Fav Icon:
Age: Over 27 years old
Domain Created: 7th February, 1997
Domain Updated: 10th December, 2020
Domain Expires: 8th February, 2021
Review

Snoop Score

3/5 (Great!)

Valuation

$89,656 USD
Note: All valuation figures are estimates.

Popularity

High
Note: Popularity is estimated.

Rank, Reach and Authority

Alexa Rank: 27,032
Alexa Reach:
SEMrush Rank (US): 320,053
SEMrush Authority Score: 64
Moz Domain Authority: 0
Moz Page Authority: 0

Organic vs Paid (Google Ads)

Organic Paid
Keywords: 7,817 0
Traffic: 4,028 0
Cost: $54 USD $0 USD
Traffic

Visitors

Daily Visitors: 29,039
Monthly Visitors: 883,856
Yearly Visitors: 10,599,239
Note: All visitors figures are estimates.

Visitors By Country

Revenue

Revenue

Daily Revenue: $123 USD
Monthly Revenue: $3,738 USD
Yearly Revenue: $44,823 USD
Note: All revenue figures are estimates.

Revenue By Country

SEO

Backlinks Analysis (SEMrush)

Backlinks: 3,139,902
Referring Domains: 7,141
Referring IPs: 5,341
Dunod.com has 3,139,902 backlinks according to SEMrush. 100% of these backlinks are "dofollow" (follow) links which allow the flow of link equity to pass through, which may improve dunod.com's search engine rankings. Other links are treated as 'hints' by search engines and may also pass link equity, depending on what search engines decide in each case.
100% of dunod.com's backlinks are text and image links, which are ideal for SEO. Other backlink types may be unrecognized or ignored by search engines.

Top New Follow Links

1
Source: https://www.mercator-publicitor.fr/
Target: https://www.dunod.com/entreprise-economie/dopez-votre-business-avec-chatbots-creez-et-developpez-votre-bot-sans-coder

2
Source: https://hubinstitute.com/
Target: https://www.dunod.com/entreprise-economie/revolution-assistants-vocaux-comprendre-enjeux-et-reussir-ses-strategies

3
Source: https://www.armand-colin.com/jean-michel-adam
Target: https://www.dunod.com/panier/ajout/9782200628512/1/ac

4
Source: https://www.armand-colin.com/jean-michel-adam
Target: https://www.dunod.com/panier/ajout/9782200626501/1/ac

5
Source: https://www.pratiques-rh-au-quotidien.com/category/rh-international/
Target: http://www.dunod.com/

Top Ranking Keywords (US)

1
Keyword: dunod publisher
Ranked Page: https://www.dunod.com/

2
Keyword: comptabilité analytique de gestion dunod 2013 pdf
Ranked Page: https://www.dunod.com/entreprise-economie/comptabilite-analytique-gestion

3
Keyword: psychologie féminine drague pdf
Ranked Page: https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/atoms/files/9782100711239/Feuilletage.pdf

4
Keyword: pratique de la maintenance préventive pdf
Ranked Page: https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/atoms/files/9782100763160/Feuilletage.pdf

5
Keyword: réussir le concours de contrôleur des douanes
Ranked Page: https://www.dunod.com/preparer-et-reussir-le-concours-de-controleur-des-douanes

Domain Analysis

Value Length
Domain: dunod.com 9
Domain Name: dunod 5
Extension (TLD): com 3
Expiry Check:

Page Speed Analysis

Average Load Time: 2.23 seconds
Load Time Comparison: Faster than 36% of sites

PageSpeed Insights

Avg. (All Categories) 60
Performance 50
Accessibility 73
Best Practices 64
SEO 92
Progressive Web App 19
0–49 (Fail) 50–89 (Average) 90–100 (Pass)
URL: https://www.dunod.com/
Updated: 5th January, 2021

3.82 seconds
First Contentful Paint (FCP)
24%
36%
40%

0.01 seconds
First Input Delay (FID)
95%
3%
2%

Simulate loading on desktop
50

Performance

Indicates how well the page is performing and highlights opportunities where performance may be improved for dunod.com. This includes details about optimizing page load times which can result in a better user experience.

Metrics

Time to Interactive — 2.2 s
The time taken for the page to become fully interactive.
Cumulative Layout Shift — 0.001
Cumulative Layout Shift is the measurement of visible elements collective movement within the viewport.
View Data

Other

First CPU Idle — 2.0 s
The time taken for the page's main thread to be quiet enough to handle input.
Estimated Input Latency — 20 ms
The time taken for the page to respond to user input (during the busiest 5 second window of page load). Users are likely to perceive dunod.com as laggy when the latency is higher than 0.05 seconds.
Network Requests
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https://www.google.com/ads/ga-audiences?t=sr&aip=1&_r=4&slf_rd=1&v=1&_v=j87&tid=UA-18469018-1&cid=1198883536.1609857032&jid=573310337&_u=aGBAgUArAAAAAE~&z=1236464721
3118.8059998676
3125.8819997311
683
42
200
image/gif
Image
https://www.linkedin.com/px/li_sync?redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fpx.ads.linkedin.com%2Fcollect%3Fv%3D2%26fmt%3Djs%26pid%3D185049%26time%3D1609857032049%26url%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.dunod.com%252F%26cookiesTest%3Dtrue%26liSync%3Dtrue
3127.6770001277
3174.4679999538
2417
0
302
https://cdn.wisepops.com/shared/wisepops/f1e63fa8d8d0f6b9403e5f1c3277b2c2/199042.js?v=1607599478000
3137.8609999083
3221.4589999057
71660
234573
200
text/javascript
Script
https://px.ads.linkedin.com/collect?v=2&fmt=js&pid=185049&time=1609857032049&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dunod.com%2F&cookiesTest=true&liSync=true
3174.7139999643
3222.6929999888
545
0
302
https://www.facebook.com/tr/?id=232319887244446&ev=PageView&dl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dunod.com%2F&rl=&if=false&ts=1609857032254&sw=800&sh=600&v=2.9.31&r=stable&ec=0&o=30&fbp=fb.1.1609857032250.1728996233&it=1609857032129&coo=false&rqm=GET
3223.0789996684
3238.1839998998
463
44
200
image/gif
Image
https://p.adsymptotic.com/d/px/?_pid=16218&_psign=0aa5badf92527f7732e22463d6fa4dbc&coopa=0&gdpr=0&gdpr_consent=&_puuid=b6f39e20-cc82-46dd-b62e-9b4b78024cc6
3223.3520001173
3415.9269998781
819
0
302
https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,400,700
3290.6599999405
3304.5640001073
1641
6122
200
text/css
Stylesheet
https://cdn.wisepops.com/shared/images/wisepops/199042/eefd25a3d3004ed8d55fd9ca446ac3b0.jpg
3365.8559997566
3404.1399997659
33132
31620
200
image/webp
Image
https://cdn.wisepops.com/shared/images/wisepops/199042/4374c588eab6a763297a62235916bd00.jpg
3366.0089997575
3424.530999735
12602
11082
200
image/webp
Image
https://p.adsymptotic.com/d/px/?_pid=16218&_psign=0aa5badf92527f7732e22463d6fa4dbc&coopa=0&gdpr=0&gdpr_consent=&_puuid=b6f39e20-cc82-46dd-b62e-9b4b78024cc6&_expected_cookie=7d0874e321de8accd4263095dcf4228a
3416.2159999833
3467.9709998891
737
43
200
image/gif
Image
https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v20/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmWUlfBBc4AMP6lQ.woff2
3484.1310000047
3487.5249997713
11589
11020
200
font/woff2
Font
https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v20/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmSU5fBBc4AMP6lQ.woff2
3506.3350000419
3510.0380000658
11749
11180
200
font/woff2
Font
https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v20/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu4mxKKTU1Kg.woff2
3508.8080000132
3528.9769996889
11585
11016
200
font/woff2
Font
https://events.mediarithmics.com/v1/conf.js?$site_token=dunod&cb=1609857032550
3516.7370000854
4035.8699997887
278
90
200
text/plain
Script
https://cookie-matching.mediarithmics.com/v1/gather_id?opid=goo
3521.2379996665
4010.6689999811
340
0
303
https://cookie-matching.mediarithmics.com/v1/gather_id?opid=apx
3521.8819999136
3938.2509998977
369
0
303
https://events.mediarithmics.com/v1/sites/dunod/external_feeds
3528.0949999578
3837.5470000319
296
25
200
application/json
XHR
https://www.facebook.com/tr/?id=232319887244446&ev=Microdata&dl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dunod.com%2F&rl=&if=false&ts=1609857032763&cd[DataLayer]=%5B%5D&cd[Meta]=%7B%22title%22%3A%22Livres%20en%20sciences%20et%20techniques%2C%20entreprise%20et%20%C3%A9conomie%2C%20sciences%20humaines%20et%20sociales%2C%20pr%C3%A9pas%20et%20concours%2C%20culture%20et%20loisirs%20-%20Dunod%22%2C%22meta%3Adescription%22%3A%22Dunod%20Editions.%20Edition%20de%20livres%20de%20savoirs%20pour%20%C3%A9tudiants%2C%20professionnels%2C%20amateurs%20en%20entreprise%2C%20sciences%2C%20techniques%2C%20informatique%2C%20psy%2C%20bien-%C3%AAtre%20et%20lo...%22%2C%22meta%3Akeywords%22%3A%22Dunod%2C%20%C3%A9dition%2C%20%C3%A9ditions%2C%20%C3%A9diteur%2C%20%C3%A9diteurs%2C%20livre%2C%20livres%22%7D&cd[OpenGraph]=%7B%22og%3Asite_name%22%3A%22Dunod%22%2C%22og%3Atype%22%3A%22website%22%2C%22og%3Aurl%22%3A%22https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dunod.com%2F%22%2C%22og%3Atitle%22%3A%22Livres%20en%20sciences%20et%20techniques%2C%20entreprise%20et%20%C3%A9conomie%2C%20sciences%20humaines%20et%20sociales%2C%20pr%C3%A9pas%20et%20concours%2C%20culture%20et%20loisirs%20-%20Dunod%22%2C%22og%3Adescription%22%3A%22Dunod%20Editions.%20Edition%20de%20livres%20de%20savoirs%20pour%20%C3%A9tudiants%2C%20professionnels%2C%20amateurs%20en%20entreprise%2C%20sciences%2C%20techniques%2C%20informatique%2C%20psy%2C%20bien-%C3%AAtre%20et%20loisirs.%22%7D&cd[Schema.org]=%5B%5D&cd[JSON-LD]=%5B%5D&sw=800&sh=600&v=2.9.31&r=stable&ec=1&o=30&fbp=fb.1.1609857032250.1728996233&it=1609857032129&coo=false&es=automatic&tm=3&rqm=GET
3728.9149998687
3744.2859997973
463
44
200
image/gif
Image
https://tracking.wisepops.com/_.gif?e=d&p=199042
3856.3389996998
3881.3779996708
0
0
-1
Other
https://ib.adnxs.com/getuid?https://cookie-matching.mediarithmics.com/input?key=APX&apx_uid=$UID&action=GATHER_ID&opid=apx
3938.5979999788
3972.2400000319
691
43
200
image/gif
Script
https://cm.g.doubleclick.net/pixel?google_nid=medr&google_cm&key=GOO&action=GATHER_ID&opid=goo
4011.6669996642
4021.1009997874
1230
0
302
text/html
https://cm.g.doubleclick.net/pixel?google_nid=medr&google_cm=&key=GOO&action=GATHER_ID&opid=goo&google_tc=
4021.3989997283
4035.3319998831
1448
0
302
text/html
https://cookie-matching.mediarithmics.com/input?key=GOO&key=GOO&action=GATHER_ID&opid=goo&google_gid=CAESEBOY4TtsLpf-1OhKPvhZD7k&google_cver=1
4035.7260000892
4343.4759997763
540
240
200
application/javascript
Script
https://cookie-matching.mediarithmics.com/v1/getids?$site_token=dunod&utidl=tech:goo:CAESEBOY4TtsLpf-1OhKPvhZD7k
4347.3330000415
5008.1480001099
1071
260
200
application/javascript
Script
https://events.mediarithmics.com/v1/visits/pixel?lang=fr&page_type=home&page_category=home&%24ev=page_view&%24referrer=&%24url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dunod.com%2F&%24tcfapi=1&%24vid=10771617446&%24lts=1609857033433&%24sv=2.0&%24site_token=dunod&%24tv=1.5.5&%24audience_feeds_refresh_period=undefined&%24delay=jso-%7B%22%24push%22%3A2167%2C%22%24start%22%3A667%2C%22%24gather_id_end%22%3A1501%2C%22%24beacon%22%3Afalse%7D
5012.1669997461
5014.9650000967
0
0
-1
Other
Network Round Trip Times — 0 ms
High Network RTT (Round Trip Times) can have a large impact on performance. Providing servers geographically closer to the user could improve performance.
Server Backend Latencies — 0 ms
High server latencies indicate the server is overloaded or has a poor backend performance.
Tasks
Below is a list of the top-level main thread tasks that executed during page load.
Start Time (Ms) End Time (Ms)
991.548
11.282
1007.57
9.379
1016.987
6.466
1024.677
6.022
1031.141
5.758
1742.741
41.61
1787.724
117.044
1904.808
135.933
2046.126
531.061
2577.219
27.663
2605.616
13.937
2703.878
52.521
2756.58
10.03
2770.982
11.811
2784.829
7.333
2797.792
6.198
2806.399
20.611
2829.635
33.157
2866.409
19.206
2892.057
144.316
3048.887
29.51
3079.575
27.847
3107.463
22.157
3134.13
12.738
3213.146
43.39
3271.692
159.978
3431.695
17.057
3453.381
19.181
3478.514
53.511
3541.926
16.728
3558.669
34.708
3598.743
33.738
3754.725
7.959
3886.16
25.037
7585.662
12.548
Diagnostics
Below is a collection of useful page vitals.
View Data
Metrics
Below is a collection of metrics.
View Data

Opportunities

Defer offscreen images
Time to Interactive can be slowed down by resources on the page. Dunod.com should consider lazy-loading offscreen and hidden images.
Minify CSS
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) files can contribute to network payload sizes. Dunod.com should consider minifying CSS files.
Minify JavaScript
JavaScript (JS) files can contribute to network payload sizes and increase script parse times. Dunod.com should consider minifying JS files.
Remove unused CSS — Potential savings of 89 KiB
Dead and/or unused rules in Style Sheets (CSS) can contribute to network payload sizes. Dunod.com should consider removing dead rules from style sheets and deferring the loading of CSS not used for above-the-fold content.
URL Transfer Size (Bytes) Potential Savings (Bytes)
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__-jM_TWgLhSA_27OWDzghnIqtO9eh0C5Q2PoSSEXwxOs__21--u8Buc1lCnDvA5HtoK6VEnPP8ZRTrefmp89kco04__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.css
84275
77634
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__9FODXrEtntKS2p5TvtTcU_F-mMo8daQwyVHwAEvUIps__StrpP9jHtvm7BIXEsLOhPhgicFOF2kJQuSH0mp24rpU__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.css
13246
13246
Remove unused JavaScript — Potential savings of 157 KiB
It is advised to remove unused JavaScript in order to reduce bytes consumed by network activity.
URL Transfer Size (Bytes) Potential Savings (Bytes)
https://connect.facebook.net/signals/config/232319887244446?v=2.9.31&r=stable
72509
54627
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__ygedkqe4lp_DH8X4On0j-bmYHKoH_S67YvkzaynREiw__fZKk0rXlCMO5i8x2XG6OfPijegCuM8sK99FjuF6kacQ__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.js
64385
38705
https://sdk.privacy-center.org/sdk.5ec8c25edcc51eff75bea5a5610b2ef41a0c0f16.js
80235
36522
https://www.youtube.com/s/player/5dd3f3b2/www-widgetapi.vflset/www-widgetapi.js
37533
30421
Enable text compression
Text-based resources should be served with compression, such as gzip, deflate or brotli.
Preconnect to required origins
Resource hints, such as 'preconnect' or 'dns-prefetch', may assist in establishing early connections to important third-party origins.
Avoid multiple page redirects — Potential savings of 190 ms
Redirects can cause additional delays before the page can begin loading. Dunod.com should avoid multiple or unnecessary page redirects.
URL Time Spent (Ms)
http://dunod.com/
190
https://www.dunod.com/
0
Use video formats for animated content
Large GIFs are inefficient for delivering animated content. It is recommended to use MPEG4/WebM videos for animations and PNG/WebP for static images instead of GIF.
Remove duplicate modules in JavaScript bundles
Ensure that no duplicate JavaScript modules from bundles exist to reduce bytes consumed by network activity.
Avoid serving legacy JavaScript to modern browsers — Potential savings of 41 KiB
Polyfills and transforms enable legacy browsers to use new JavaScript features. For bundled JavaScript it is recommended to adopt a modern script deployment strategy using module/nomodule feature detection. This will reduce the amount of code shipped to modern browsers.
URL Potential Savings (Bytes)
https://connect.facebook.net/signals/config/232319887244446?v=2.9.31&r=stable
12050
https://cdn.wisepops.com/shared/wisepops/f1e63fa8d8d0f6b9403e5f1c3277b2c2/199042.js?v=1607599478000
11258
https://loader.wisepops.com/get-loader.js?v=1&user_id=34037
10735
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-K4TLZCN
7867
https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js
45
https://sdk.privacy-center.org/sdk.5ec8c25edcc51eff75bea5a5610b2ef41a0c0f16.js
45

Diagnostics

Avoid chaining critical requests — 14 chains found
Below is a list of Critical Request Chains, which shows which resources are loaded with a high priority. Dunod.com should consider reducing the length of chains, reducing the download size of resources, or deferring the download of unnecessary resources to improve page load.
User Timing marks and measures
Make use of the User Timing API to measure an app's real-world performance during key user experiences.
JavaScript execution time — 0.9 s
JavaScript (JS) execution time can be lowered by reducing the time required for parsing, compiling and executing JS. Delivering smaller JS payloads may help with this.
URL Total CPU Time (Ms) Script Evaluation (Ms) Script Parse (Ms)
https://www.dunod.com/
556.102
53.523
4.391
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__vmePF4Dp8bPkg81UKngZykilw5OZS1fP5YnScEtCamY__88qaN3RQRoWJWSSy4pYZ0ThWl6Qld-KykYSR11si74k__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.js
555.593
436.529
3.014
Unattributable
277.747
2.744
0.192
https://cdn.wisepops.com/shared/wisepops/f1e63fa8d8d0f6b9403e5f1c3277b2c2/199042.js?v=1607599478000
204.9
180.038
4.533
https://sdk.privacy-center.org/sdk.5ec8c25edcc51eff75bea5a5610b2ef41a0c0f16.js
146.32
131.809
6.524
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__ygedkqe4lp_DH8X4On0j-bmYHKoH_S67YvkzaynREiw__fZKk0rXlCMO5i8x2XG6OfPijegCuM8sK99FjuF6kacQ__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.js
57.586
42.701
5.174
https://connect.facebook.net/signals/config/232319887244446?v=2.9.31&r=stable
51.349
43.632
5.315
Keep request counts low and transfer sizes small — 194 requests • 6,139 KiB
It is advised to add a budgets.json file in order to set budgets for the quantity and size of page resources.
Resource Type Requests Transfer Size (Bytes)
Total
194
6286715
Image
139
5427170
Script
26
522297
Font
7
186738
Stylesheet
6
103955
Document
1
35498
Other
15
11057
Media
0
0
Third-party
48
571204
Minimize third-party usage — Third-party code blocked the main thread for 60 ms
It is advised to either limit, remove or delay the loading of redundant third-party code which may be significantly impacting load performance.
Third-Party Transfer Size (Bytes) Main-Thread Blocking Time (Ms)
131234
58.971
114079
0
98454
0
55743
0
38900
0
23425
0
4586
0
3373
0
1556
0
691
0
683
0
Largest Contentful Paint element — 1 element found
The element which was identified as the Largest Contentful Paint.
Element
Avoid large layout shifts — 5 elements found
Below is a list of all DOM elements that contribute to the CLS of the page.
Element CLS Contribution
0.0011633093718164
8.4020897872205E-5
7.1906944954245E-5
6.3917284403773E-5
1.5868353593298E-5
Avoids `document.write()`
Avoid or limit the use of external scripts that are dynamically injected via 'document.write()' as users on slow connections will be delayed by tens of seconds.
Avoid long main-thread tasks — 5 long tasks found
Below is a list of the longest tasks on the main thread, which is useful when identifying the worst input delay contributors.
URL Start Time (Ms) Duration (Ms)
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__vmePF4Dp8bPkg81UKngZykilw5OZS1fP5YnScEtCamY__88qaN3RQRoWJWSSy4pYZ0ThWl6Qld-KykYSR11si74k__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.js
2141
266
https://sdk.privacy-center.org/sdk.5ec8c25edcc51eff75bea5a5610b2ef41a0c0f16.js
1120
144
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__vmePF4Dp8bPkg81UKngZykilw5OZS1fP5YnScEtCamY__88qaN3RQRoWJWSSy4pYZ0ThWl6Qld-KykYSR11si74k__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.js
2024
117
https://cdn.wisepops.com/shared/wisepops/f1e63fa8d8d0f6b9403e5f1c3277b2c2/199042.js?v=1607599478000
1910
80
https://www.dunod.com/
480
68
Avoid non-composited animations
It is recommended to avoid non-composited animations which are often janky and increase CLS.
Avoids large JavaScript libraries with smaller alternatives — 0 large libraries found
It is recommended to work with smaller JavaScript libraries to reduce your bundle size and avoid poor performance.

Budgets

Performance budget
It is advised to keep the quantity and size of all network requests under the targets set by the provided performance budget.
Timing budget
It is advised to set a timing budget to monitor the performance of your site.

Metrics

First Contentful Paint — 1.5 s
The time taken for the first image or text on the page to be rendered.
Total Blocking Time — 250 ms
The total blocking time is the sum of all time periods between First Contentful Paint and Time to Interactive (when task length exceeded 50ms).

Opportunities

Properly size images — Potential savings of 284 KiB
Images can slow down the page's load time. Dunod.com should consider serving more appropriate-sized images.
URL Resource Size (Bytes) Potential Savings (Bytes)
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/home_une/public/thumbnails/image/reussir-transformation-digitale-dans-la-fonction-publique.jpg?timestamp=1605536822
331443
181603
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/home_une/public/thumbnails/image/revelez-les-super-pouvoirs-de-votre-memoire.jpg?timestamp=1605542617
218538
64878
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/moyen_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100820764-001-X.jpeg
50953
8241
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/petit_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/ecpa-pearson-logo-rgb.jpg
25162
8073
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/menu_nos_blogs_vignette/public/menuimage/kurio-moyen.png
9838
7869
https://cdn.wisepops.com/shared/images/wisepops/199042/4374c588eab6a763297a62235916bd00.jpg
11082
7605
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/menu_nos_blogs_vignette/public/menuimage/logo_bien_etre_rose_jaune.jpg
8046
6436
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/petit_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/light-genie-climatique-pyc.jpg
18470
5938
Preload key requests — Potential savings of 700 ms
Key requests can be preloaded by using '<link rel=preload>'. Dunod.com should consider using '<link rel=preload>' to prioritize fetching resources that are currently requested later in page load.
URL Potential Savings (Ms)
https://www.dunod.com/sites/all/themes/dunod/fonts/fontawesome/fontawesome-webfont.woff2?v=4.7.0
700

Diagnostics

Minimize main-thread work — 2.1 s
Main-thread work timing can be lowered by reducing the time required for parsing, compiling and executing JS. Delivering smaller JS payloads may help with this.
Category Time Spent (Ms)
Script Evaluation
1050.56
Style & Layout
402.575
Other
324.773
Rendering
122.651
Parse HTML & CSS
117.597
Script Parsing & Compilation
54.09
Garbage Collection
29.074

Metrics

Speed Index — 3.1 s
The time taken for the page contents to be visibly populated.
Largest Contentful Paint — 6.2 s
The timing of the largest text or image that is painted.

Other

Max Potential First Input Delay — 270 ms
Users could experience a delay when interacting with the page.
First Meaningful Paint — 1.6 s
The time taken for the primary content of the page to be rendered.

Opportunities

Eliminate render-blocking resources — Potential savings of 990 ms
Resources, such as JavaScript and style sheets, can block the first paint of the page. Dunod.com should consider delivering critical JavaScript/style sheets (JS/CSS) inline and deferring all non-critical JS/CSS.
URL Transfer Size (Bytes) Potential Savings (Ms)
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__-jM_TWgLhSA_27OWDzghnIqtO9eh0C5Q2PoSSEXwxOs__21--u8Buc1lCnDvA5HtoK6VEnPP8ZRTrefmp89kco04__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.css
84275
390
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__mn06S9Kpk7M2XBKYkxycoo1SDEvW5WM_LLL_Xd_fFrc__KL9fbWPuy1w7FTOJbl6O-OKiDC0zANERthXhZ7dFf50__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.css
1501
150
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Efficiently encode images — Potential savings of 2,718 KiB
Unoptimized images can consume more cellular data than what is necessary.
URL Resource Size (Bytes) Potential Savings (Bytes)
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Serve images in next-gen formats — Potential savings of 3,729 KiB
Image formats like PNG and JPEG have poor compression when compared to other next-gen formats, such as JPEG 200, JPEG XR and WebP.
URL Resource Size (Bytes) Potential Savings (Bytes)
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1209600000
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https://www.dunod.com/sites/all/themes/dunod/images/ajax-loader.gif
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Avoid an excessive DOM size — 3,449 elements
A large DOM (Document Object Model) will increase memory usage, cause longer system calculations as well as costly layout reflows.
Statistic Element Value
Total DOM Elements
3,449
Maximum DOM Depth
29
Maximum Child Elements
16
Ensure text remains visible during webfont load
Make use of the font-display CSS feature, which will ensure text is user-visible while webfonts are loading.
URL Potential Savings (Ms)
https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/worksans/v8/QGYsz_wNahGAdqQ43Rh_fKDptfpA4Q.woff2
3.3410000614822
https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/montserrat/v15/JTUSjIg1_i6t8kCHKm459WlhyyTh89Y.woff2
3.5129999741912
https://www.dunod.com/sites/all/themes/dunod/fonts/fontawesome/fontawesome-webfont.woff2?v=4.7.0
590.44800000265
https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/montserrat/v15/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_dJE3gnD_vx3rCs.woff2
3.3220001496375
https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v20/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmWUlfBBc4AMP6lQ.woff2
3.3939997665584
https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v20/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmSU5fBBc4AMP6lQ.woff2
3.7030000239611
https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v20/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu4mxKKTU1Kg.woff2
20.168999675661
Does not use passive listeners to improve scrolling performance
Improve the page's scroll performance by marking touch and wheel event listeners as 'passive'.
URL Location
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__vmePF4Dp8bPkg81UKngZykilw5OZS1fP5YnScEtCamY__88qaN3RQRoWJWSSy4pYZ0ThWl6Qld-KykYSR11si74k__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.js
line: 4
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line: 76
73

Accessibility

Indicates how accessible the page is and highlights opportunities where the page can be made more accessible to users of dunod.com. This includes details about various page attributes that can be optimized.

Navigation

`[accesskey]` values are unique
Access keys assist users with focusing on different parts of the page. Each access key should be unique for proper navigation.
The page contains a heading, skip link, or landmark region
It is advised to provide ways to bypass repetitive content, allowing users to navigate the page efficiently.
`[id]` attributes on active, focusable elements are unique
Ensure all focusable elements have a unique id value to allow them to be visible to users of assistive technologies, like a screen reader.
Heading elements appear in a sequentially-descending order
Properly order all headers and do not skip heading levels to better the navigation and readability for users of assistive technologies, like a screen reader.
No element has a `[tabindex]` value greater than 0
Although technically valid, a tabindex value greater than 0 often creates frustrating experiences for users who rely on assistive technologies.

ARIA

`[aria-*]` attributes match their roles
Avoid mismatching 'aria-*' attributes and their 'role' value, as it invalidates the attribute.
`[aria-hidden="true"]` is not present on the document `<body>`
If aria-hidden=true is set on the document body, assistive technologies, like a screen reader will work inconsistently.
`[aria-hidden="true"]` elements do not contain focusable descendents
Interactive elements within an aria-hidden=true element are unavailable to users of assistive technologies, like a screen reader.
`[role]`s have all required `[aria-*]` attributes
Some ARIA roles have required 'aria-*' attributes, which provide essential information about state and functionality.
Elements with an ARIA `[role]` that require children to contain a specific `[role]` have all required children.
Some ARIA parent roles cannot perform their intended functions if specific child roles are not used.
`[role]`s are contained by their required parent element
Some ARIA child roles cannot perform their intended functions if specific parent roles are not used.
`[role]` values are valid
All ARIA roles require valid values to perform their intended functions.
ARIA toggle fields have accessible names
Generic names are announced to users of assistive technologies, like a screen reader, when a toggle field does not have an accessible name specified.
`[aria-*]` attributes have valid values
ARIA attributes cannot be interpreted with invalid values when used by screen readers and other assistive technologies.
`[aria-*]` attributes are valid and not misspelled
ARIA attributes cannot be interpreted with invalid names when used by screen readers and other assistive technologies.
ARIA IDs are unique
Ensure all ARIA ID values are unique to prevent elements from being overlooked by assistive technologies, like a screen reader.

Names and labels

Buttons have an accessible name
Buttons become unusable as they are announced simply as "button" when the button does not have an accessible name, when used by screen readers and other assistive technologies.
Document has a `<title>` element
Search engines, screen reader users and other assistive technology users rely on the title to provide an overview of the page and to help determine if the page is relevant to their search.
No form fields have multiple labels
Having multiple labels for form fields can be confusing to assistive technologies, like a screen reader.
`<frame>` or `<iframe>` elements have a title
Screen reader users and other assistive technology users rely on frame titles to describe the contents of frames.
`<input type="image">` elements have `[alt]` text
Input buttons with alternative text assist screen readers and other assistive technology users to understand its purpose.
`<object>` elements have `[alt]` text
It is advised that alt text is used on '<object>' elements in order to provide meaning to screen reader and other assistive technology users, as these technologies are unable to translate non-text content.

Tables and lists

`<dl>`'s contain only properly-ordered `<dt>` and `<dd>` groups, `<script>`, `<template>` or `<div>` elements.
Screen readers and other assistive technologies may produce poor and inaccurate output when definition lists are not properly marked up.
Definition list items are wrapped in `<dl>` elements
In order for screen readers and other assistive technologies to properly announce definition list items ('<dt>' and '<dd>'), they must be wrapped in parent a '<dl>' element.
Presentational `<table>` elements avoid using `<th>`, `<caption>` or the `[summary]` attribute.
It is advised to not include data elements in tables which are used for layout purposes, as it may create confusion for screen reader and other assistive technology users.
Cells in a `<table>` element that use the `[headers]` attribute refer to table cells within the same table.
Screen readers and other assistive technologies have features to make navigating tables easier. Ensure that '<td>' cells using the headers attribute only refer to other cells in the same table, to improve screen reader user experience.
`<th>` elements and elements with `[role="columnheader"/"rowheader"]` have data cells they describe.
Screen readers and other assistive technologies have features to make navigating tables easier. Ensure that table headers refer to some set of cells, to improve screen reader user experience.

Internationalization and localization

`<html>` element has a `[lang]` attribute
It is advised to provide a lang attribute so that screen readers and other assistive technologies are guaranteed to announce the page's text correctly. When not provided, the user's default language setting will be used which may cause inaccuracies.
`<html>` element has a valid value for its `[lang]` attribute
Specify a valid BCP 47 language in order to help screen readers and other assistive technologies announce text properly.
`[lang]` attributes have a valid value
Specify a valid BCP 47 language on elements in order to help screen readers and other assistive technologies announce text properly.

Best practices

The document does not use `<meta http-equiv="refresh">`
Pages that refresh automatically cause a poor user experience as focus is directed back to the top of the page unexpectedly.

Audio and video

`<video>` elements contain a `<track>` element with `[kind="captions"]`
Dunod.com may provide assistance to deaf or hearing-impaired users with captions on videos.
`<video>` elements contain a `<track>` element with `[kind="description"]`
Dunod.com may provide relevant information that dialogue cannot, by using audio descriptions.

ARIA

ARIA input fields do not have accessible names
Generic names are announced to users of assistive technologies, like a screen reader, when an input field does not have an accessible name specified.
Failing Elements

Contrast

Background and foreground colors do not have a sufficient contrast ratio.
Many (if not most) users find low-contrast text difficult or impossible to read.
Failing Elements

Names and labels

Image elements do not have `[alt]` attributes
Provide short and descriptive alternative text where possible on informative elements.
Failing Elements
img
Form elements do not have associated labels
Screen readers and other assistive technologies rely on labels to properly announce form controls.
Failing Elements
Links do not have a discernible name
In order to improve the navigation for screen reader and other assistive technology users, use link text that is unique, focusable and discernible.

Tables and lists

Lists do not contain only `<li>` elements and script supporting elements (`<script>` and `<template>`).
Use proper list structure to aid screen readers and other assistive technologies.
Failing Elements
List items (`<li>`) are not contained within `<ul>` or `<ol>` parent elements.
In order for screen readers to announce list items, ensure that list items ('<li>') are contained within parent '<ul>' or '<ol>' tags.
Failing Elements

Best practices

`[user-scalable="no"]` is used in the `<meta name="viewport">` element or the `[maximum-scale]` attribute is less than 5.
For users with low vision who rely on screen magnification, ensure that zooming is not disabled.
Failing Elements

Manual Checks

The page has a logical tab order
The visual layout should be logical in its tab order and users cannot focus elements that are offscreen.
Interactive controls are keyboard focusable
Ensure that custom interactive controls are keyboard focusable and that a focus indicator is displayed.
Interactive elements indicate their purpose and state
Ensure that interactive elements (such as links and buttons) are distinguishable from non-interactive elements and that they indicate their state.
The user's focus is directed to new content added to the page
When new content (such as a dialogue) is added to the page, the user's focus should be directed to it.
User focus is not accidentally trapped in a region
Avoid focus being accidentally trapped when a user tabs in and out of controls or regions on page.
Custom controls have associated labels
Ensure that custom interactive controls have associated labels, which are provided by aria-label and aria-labelledby attributes.
Custom controls have ARIA roles
Ensure that all custom interactive controls have appropriate ARIA roles.
Visual order on the page follows DOM order
Ensure that the DOM order matches with the page's visual order, in order to improve navigation for screen readers and other assistive technologies.
Offscreen content is hidden from assistive technology
Ensure that offscreen content is hidden through the use of "display:none" styling or the aria-hidden attribute.
HTML5 landmark elements are used to improve navigation
Elements such as <main> and <nav> are recommended as they are used by screen readers and other assistive technologies to improve keyboard navigation.
64

Best Practices

Indicates the recommended, best practices currently in place on the page and highlights the best practices that dunod.com should incorporate. This includes practices such as protecting pages with HTTPS.

Audits

Avoids requesting the geolocation permission on page load
When requesting a user's location, provide context or consider tying the request to a user action to avoid confusion and mistrust from users.
Avoids requesting the notification permission on page load
When requesting permission to send notifications, provide context or consider tying the request to a user action to avoid confusion and mistrust from users.

Audits

Allows users to paste into password fields
Ensure that password inputs may be pasted into to aid in the user's ability to use password managers and improve security.
Displays images with correct aspect ratio
Ensure that image display dimensions match their natural aspect ratio.
Serves images with appropriate resolution
For maximum image clarity, ensure images have natural dimensions and are proportional to the display size and pixel ratio.
Fonts with `font-display: optional` are preloaded
It is recommended that optional fonts are preloaded.

Audits

Page has the HTML doctype
Ensure a doctype is specified to prevent the browser from switching to quirks-mode.
Properly defines charset
It is advised to declare a character encoding, optionally via a <meta> tag in the first 1024 bytes of the HTML or in the Content-Type HTTP response header.

Audits

Avoids Application Cache
Application cache is deprecated and is no longer recommended.
Detected JavaScript libraries
Below is a list of all front-end JavaScript libraries that were detected on the page.
Name Version
jQuery
1.10.2
Preact
10
core-js
3.0.0: pure
Avoids deprecated APIs
Avoid deprecated APIs which will eventually be removed the browser.
Page has valid source maps
Consider deploying source maps for added benefits such as the ability to debug while in production.

Audits

Does not use HTTPS — 1 insecure request found
Ensure that all pages are protected with HTTPS (including those that do not handle sensitive data) as HTTPS prevents tampering and passive listening on communications between the app and its users. Additionally, HTTPS is a prerequisite for HTTP/2 and many new web platform APIs.
Insecure URL
http://dunod.com/
Includes front-end JavaScript libraries with known security vulnerabilities — 4 vulnerabilities detected
Ensure that the use of third-party scripts is minimal and that only trusted third-party scripts are used as some may contain known security vulnerabilities which may be exploited by attackers.
Library Version Vulnerability Count Highest Severity
4
Medium

Audits

Registers an `unload` listener
The 'unload' event does not fire reliably, causing issues with browser optimizations such as the Back-Forward Cache. It is recommended that 'pagehide' or 'visibilitychange' events are used instead.
URL
Browser errors were logged to the console
Below is a list of all errors logged to the console, which indicate unresolved problems on the site.
URL Description
https://tracking.wisepops.com/_.gif?e=d&p=199042
Failed to load resource: net::ERR_BLOCKED_BY_CLIENT.Inspector
https://events.mediarithmics.com/v1/visits/pixel?lang=fr&page_type=home&page_category=home&%24ev=page_view&%24referrer=&%24url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dunod.com%2F&%24tcfapi=1&%24vid=10771617446&%24lts=1609857033433&%24sv=2.0&%24site_token=dunod&%24tv=1.5.5&%24audience_feeds_refresh_period=undefined&%24delay=jso-%7B%22%24push%22%3A2167%2C%22%24start%22%3A667%2C%22%24gather_id_end%22%3A1501%2C%22%24beacon%22%3Afalse%7D
Failed to load resource: net::ERR_BLOCKED_BY_CLIENT.Inspector
https://www.dunod.com/
Refused to execute script from 'https://ib.adnxs.com/getuid?https://cookie-matching.mediarithmics.com/input?key=APX&apx_uid=$UID&action=GATHER_ID&opid=apx' because its MIME type ('image/gif') is not executable.
92

SEO

Indicates how well the page is optimized for ranking in search engines and highlights Search Engine Optimization (SEO) opportunities for dunod.com. This includes optimizations such as providing meta data.

Mobile Friendly

Has a `<meta name="viewport">` tag with `width` or `initial-scale`
It is advised to use a '<meta name="viewport">' tag for the optimization of dunod.com on mobile screens.
Document uses legible font sizes
Font sizes of 12px or less are too small to most mobile users without user gestures and further action. Aim for more than 60% of page text to use font sizes greater than 12px.
Tap targets are sized appropriately
Interactive elements (such as buttons and links) should be appropriately spaced, sized and easy enough to select or tap with regard to their surrounding elements.

Content Best Practices

Document has a `<title>` element
Search engines, screen reader users and other assistive technology users rely on the title to provide an overview of the page and to help determine if the page is relevant to their search.
Document has a meta description
Meta descriptions may be used by search engines when displaying a link to the page and should concisely summarize the page's content.
Links have descriptive text
Make use of descriptive link text to assist search engines in understanding the content.
Document has a valid `hreflang`
Search engines can be instructed to list specific versions of a page for a given language or region through the use of hreflang links.
Document has a valid `rel=canonical`
Search engines can be suggested which URL should be shown in search results through the use of canonical links.
Document avoids plugins
The content of plugins cannot be indexed by search engines and many devices either restrict or do not support them.

Crawling and Indexing

Page has successful HTTP status code
Avoid pages with unsuccessful HTTP status codes as they may not be indexed by search engines.
Links are crawlable
Ensure that the 'href' attribute of anchor elements links to the appropriate destination. This allows for more pages of the site to be discovered by search engines.
Page isn’t blocked from indexing
Pages that cannot be crawled by search engines cannot be indexed or included in their search results. Ensure that search engines have permission to crawl all pages that should be indexed.
robots.txt is valid
Malformed robots.txt files prevent crawlers from understanding how a site wants to be crawled or indexed, which can be devastating to SEO.

Content Best Practices

Image elements do not have `[alt]` attributes
Provide short and descriptive alternative text where possible on informative elements.
Failing Elements
img

Manual Checks

Structured data is valid
Structured data can be validated through the use of the Structured Data Testing Tool and the Structured Data Linter.
19

Progressive Web App

Indicates how valid the aspects of a Progressive Web App (PWA) are for the page and highlights opportunities to enable/improve the PWA of dunod.com. This includes details about web app manifests.

PWA Optimized

Redirects HTTP traffic to HTTPS
It is advised to redirect all HTTP traffic to HTTPS, in order to enable secure web features for all users.
Content is sized correctly for the viewport
Ensure that the width of the app's content matches the width of the viewport, otherwise the app might not be optimized for mobile screens.
Has a `<meta name="viewport">` tag with `width` or `initial-scale`
It is advised to use a '<meta name="viewport">' tag for the optimization of dunod.com on mobile screens.
Contains some content when JavaScript is not available
Apps should display alternative content for when JavaScript is disabled.

Fast and reliable

Page load is not fast enough on mobile networks — Interactive on simulated mobile network at 10.1 s
Ensure that the page loads fast enough over a cellular network, to ensure good mobile user experience.
Current page does not respond with a 200 when offline
In order for Progressive Web Apps to be made available offline, ensure that the app is using a service worker.
`start_url` does not respond with a 200 when offline
Consider using a service worker for Progressive Web Apps to ensure greater reliability for the user, in the case of poor network conditions.

Installable

Does not use HTTPS — 1 insecure request found
Ensure that all pages are protected with HTTPS (including those that do not handle sensitive data) as HTTPS prevents tampering and passive listening on communications between the app and its users. Additionally, HTTPS is a prerequisite for HTTP/2 and many new web platform APIs.
Insecure URL
http://dunod.com/
Does not register a service worker that controls page and `start_url`
A service worker is used to provide Progressive Web Apps the use of features such as working offline, the ability for the app to be added to the homescreen as well as push notifications.
Web app manifest does not meet the installability requirements
User engagement may be increased by leveraging the browsers ability to proactively prompt users to add the app to their homescreen.
View Data

PWA Optimized

Is not configured for a custom splash screen
Themed splash screens ensure a high-quality user experience at launch for app users.
View Data
Does not set a theme color for the address bar.
A theme may be applied to the browser address bar, which ideally can be made to match the site.
View Data
Does not provide a valid `apple-touch-icon`
iOS users of Progressive Web Apps will benefit from an apple touch icon, which can be defined with 'apple-touch-icon', which must point to a non-transparent 192px (or 180px) square PNG.
Manifest doesn't have a maskable icon
Maskable icons are great to ensure that images fill the entire shape when installing the app on a device.

Manual Checks

Site works cross-browser
Ensure that the Progressive Web App works correctly across every major browser.
Page transitions don't feel like they block on the network
Users perceive apps with responsive, snappy transitions as higher peforming and ensures a great user experience, even on a slow network.
Each page has a URL
Ensure that all pages are deep linkable via URL. They should also be unique for the purpose of shareability on social media.
Avg. (All Categories) 61
Performance 18
Accessibility 84
Best Practices 57
SEO 100
Progressive Web App 46
0–49 (Fail) 50–89 (Average) 90–100 (Pass)
URL: https://www.dunod.com/
Updated: 5th January, 2021

3.98 seconds
First Contentful Paint (FCP)
19%
37%
44%

0.02 seconds
First Input Delay (FID)
92%
6%
2%

Simulate loading on mobile
18

Performance

Indicates how well the page is performing and highlights opportunities where performance may be improved for dunod.com. This includes details about optimizing page load times which can result in a better user experience.

Metrics

Cumulative Layout Shift — 0.084
Cumulative Layout Shift is the measurement of visible elements collective movement within the viewport.
View Data

Opportunities

Defer offscreen images — Potential savings of 8 KiB
Time to Interactive can be slowed down by resources on the page. Dunod.com should consider lazy-loading offscreen and hidden images.
URL Resource Size (Bytes) Potential Savings (Bytes)
https://cdn.wisepops.com/shared/images/wisepops/199181/8af037675e43fd44416fdcf8db4d2340.jpg
11082
8313
Minify CSS
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) files can contribute to network payload sizes. Dunod.com should consider minifying CSS files.
Minify JavaScript
JavaScript (JS) files can contribute to network payload sizes and increase script parse times. Dunod.com should consider minifying JS files.
Enable text compression
Text-based resources should be served with compression, such as gzip, deflate or brotli.
Preconnect to required origins
Resource hints, such as 'preconnect' or 'dns-prefetch', may assist in establishing early connections to important third-party origins.
Initial server response time was short — Root document took 540 ms
It is advised to keep the server response time short for the main document, because all other requests depend on it.
URL Time Spent (Ms)
https://www.dunod.com/
543.137
Avoid multiple page redirects — Potential savings of 630 ms
Redirects can cause additional delays before the page can begin loading. Dunod.com should avoid multiple or unnecessary page redirects.
URL Time Spent (Ms)
http://dunod.com/
630
https://www.dunod.com/
0
Use video formats for animated content
Large GIFs are inefficient for delivering animated content. It is recommended to use MPEG4/WebM videos for animations and PNG/WebP for static images instead of GIF.
Remove duplicate modules in JavaScript bundles
Ensure that no duplicate JavaScript modules from bundles exist to reduce bytes consumed by network activity.
Avoid serving legacy JavaScript to modern browsers — Potential savings of 41 KiB
Polyfills and transforms enable legacy browsers to use new JavaScript features. For bundled JavaScript it is recommended to adopt a modern script deployment strategy using module/nomodule feature detection. This will reduce the amount of code shipped to modern browsers.
URL Potential Savings (Bytes)
https://connect.facebook.net/signals/config/232319887244446?v=2.9.31&r=stable
11979
https://cdn.wisepops.com/shared/wisepops/f1e63fa8d8d0f6b9403e5f1c3277b2c2/199181.js?v=1607599478000
10956
https://loader.wisepops.com/get-loader.js?v=1&user_id=34037
10735
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-K4TLZCN
7867
https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js
45
https://sdk.privacy-center.org/sdk.5ec8c25edcc51eff75bea5a5610b2ef41a0c0f16.js
45

Diagnostics

Avoid chaining critical requests — 13 chains found
Below is a list of Critical Request Chains, which shows which resources are loaded with a high priority. Dunod.com should consider reducing the length of chains, reducing the download size of resources, or deferring the download of unnecessary resources to improve page load.
User Timing marks and measures
Make use of the User Timing API to measure an app's real-world performance during key user experiences.
Keep request counts low and transfer sizes small — 183 requests • 6,170 KiB
It is advised to add a budgets.json file in order to set budgets for the quantity and size of page resources.
Resource Type Requests Transfer Size (Bytes)
Total
183
6317852
Image
129
5475339
Script
26
519762
Font
6
172557
Stylesheet
6
103977
Document
1
35498
Other
15
10719
Media
0
0
Third-party
47
554189
Largest Contentful Paint element — 1 element found
The element which was identified as the Largest Contentful Paint.
Element
Avoid large layout shifts — 5 elements found
Below is a list of all DOM elements that contribute to the CLS of the page.
Element CLS Contribution
0.042021327697185
0.019697497358056
0.01772774762225
0.0024642136612547
0.0024642136612547
Avoids `document.write()`
Avoid or limit the use of external scripts that are dynamically injected via 'document.write()' as users on slow connections will be delayed by tens of seconds.
Avoid long main-thread tasks — 16 long tasks found
Below is a list of the longest tasks on the main thread, which is useful when identifying the worst input delay contributors.
URL Start Time (Ms) Duration (Ms)
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__vmePF4Dp8bPkg81UKngZykilw5OZS1fP5YnScEtCamY__88qaN3RQRoWJWSSy4pYZ0ThWl6Qld-KykYSR11si74k__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.js
9173
612
https://sdk.privacy-center.org/sdk.5ec8c25edcc51eff75bea5a5610b2ef41a0c0f16.js
4470
346
https://cdn.wisepops.com/shared/wisepops/f1e63fa8d8d0f6b9403e5f1c3277b2c2/199181.js?v=1607599478000
7950
327
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__vmePF4Dp8bPkg81UKngZykilw5OZS1fP5YnScEtCamY__88qaN3RQRoWJWSSy4pYZ0ThWl6Qld-KykYSR11si74k__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.js
8880
293
https://www.dunod.com/
1584
121
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__-jM_TWgLhSA_27OWDzghnIqtO9eh0C5Q2PoSSEXwxOs__21--u8Buc1lCnDvA5HtoK6VEnPP8ZRTrefmp89kco04__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.css
3390
102
https://connect.facebook.net/signals/config/232319887244446?v=2.9.31&r=stable
9853
101
https://cdn.wisepops.com/shared/wisepops/f1e63fa8d8d0f6b9403e5f1c3277b2c2/199181.js?v=1607599478000
8277
83
https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js
6300
69
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__ygedkqe4lp_DH8X4On0j-bmYHKoH_S67YvkzaynREiw__fZKk0rXlCMO5i8x2XG6OfPijegCuM8sK99FjuF6kacQ__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.js
9785
68
https://loader.wisepops.com/get-loader.js?v=1&user_id=34037
4816
59
https://www.dunod.com/
1705
55
https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js
6450
54
https://static.mediarithmics.com/tag/1/tag.min.js
4875
52
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-K4TLZCN
3492
51
https://www.dunod.com/
1786
51
Avoid non-composited animations
It is recommended to avoid non-composited animations which are often janky and increase CLS.
Avoids large JavaScript libraries with smaller alternatives — 0 large libraries found
It is recommended to work with smaller JavaScript libraries to reduce your bundle size and avoid poor performance.

Budgets

Performance budget
It is advised to keep the quantity and size of all network requests under the targets set by the provided performance budget.
Timing budget
It is advised to set a timing budget to monitor the performance of your site.

Other

Network Requests
Below is a list of network requests that were made during page load.
URL Start Time (Ms) End Time (Ms) Transfer Size (Bytes) Resource Size (Bytes) Status Code MIME Type Resource Type
http://dunod.com/
0
323.30999989063
307
0
301
text/html
https://www.dunod.com/
323.74399993569
865.88399996981
35498
291672
200
text/html
Document
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__-jM_TWgLhSA_27OWDzghnIqtO9eh0C5Q2PoSSEXwxOs__21--u8Buc1lCnDvA5HtoK6VEnPP8ZRTrefmp89kco04__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.css
883.58099991456
1549.8490002938
84275
723376
200
text/css
Stylesheet
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__mn06S9Kpk7M2XBKYkxycoo1SDEvW5WM_LLL_Xd_fFrc__KL9fbWPuy1w7FTOJbl6O-OKiDC0zANERthXhZ7dFf50__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.css
883.7919998914
989.62000012398
1500
4131
200
text/css
Stylesheet
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__vmePF4Dp8bPkg81UKngZykilw5OZS1fP5YnScEtCamY__88qaN3RQRoWJWSSy4pYZ0ThWl6Qld-KykYSR11si74k__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.js
884.0729999356
1418.553000316
36728
102935
200
application/javascript
Script
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__kjEdPT3y7lyqV1kBfpJuGWvlWw7H6hVe1LTIiDsi9bg__4xDbmF8Fd9E2CjEVMrY31W1pK5gGzace2bV_ahZk_sk__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.js
884.23300022259
1315.1219999418
1648
2946
200
application/javascript
Script
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__fIX34OXVx_PTMM7xNv5VTwAgmztqgs9WQPphvX97xXs__CrDs0gTQjXRmIST104WLbMxjUwqV3qxK8mdk6arzCqU__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.js
884.51800029725
1333.3200002089
4289
12141
200
application/javascript
Script
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__ILcDTlNIroDg6fLpLx5XaE24njreDs0cp5j56OwbVDM__XC3V27iHliKd0yiaNPErYzWLPaQY4CdbjGE_Z6-oOi0__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.js
884.84600000083
1314.7860001773
843
727
200
application/javascript
Script
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__HJgz6LBUJ0v713V5NY-IC2v7CNX1Ay4cGfmxn5PrBWU__U_ZZuqZlcCuYPecwNpanUiCqDXA4kuOi-8_gP_vRb3E__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.js
885.14100015163
1300.1009998843
9019
26665
200
application/javascript
Script
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__oflX1yVtvl-lXtCEhXuyL70h3H-e74-LfpwExO08mg8__GmRqAPLxgq0i3Ryg7XRVWaE0dF4ry5mfjslNXGiXT-s__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.js
885.32999996096
1288.4090002626
3712
7943
200
application/javascript
Script
https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api
885.49300003797
907.09799993783
1367
810
200
text/javascript
Script
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__ygedkqe4lp_DH8X4On0j-bmYHKoH_S67YvkzaynREiw__fZKk0rXlCMO5i8x2XG6OfPijegCuM8sK99FjuF6kacQ__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.js
885.64500026405
1517.1320000663
64385
228789
200
application/javascript
Script
https://www.dunod.com/sites/all/themes/dunod/logo-2020.png
1528.5809999332
1632.2050001472
5828
5400
200
image/png
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/all/themes/dunod/images/armand_colin.jpg
1552.8629999608
1655.8190002106
9274
8845
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/petit_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100824861-001-X.jpeg
1640.1710002683
1850.7190002128
16773
16343
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/petit_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100819577-001-X.jpeg
1640.3339998797
1752.4800002575
12386
11956
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/petit_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100821334-001-X.jpeg
1640.5250001699
1847.9770002887
14209
13779
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/petit_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100791712-001-X.jpeg
1640.7840000466
2140.7230002806
21016
20585
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/home_une_mobile/public/thumbnails/image/revelez-les-super-pouvoirs-de-votre-memoire.jpg?timestamp=1605542617
1641.2410000339
2153.6969998851
279536
279104
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/moyen_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100810406-001-X.jpeg
1641.422000248
1866.2290000357
47420
46990
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/home_une_mobile/public/thumbnails/image/reussir-transformation-digitale-dans-la-fonction-publique.jpg?timestamp=1605536822
1641.6560001671
1975.8279998787
349807
349375
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/moyen_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100820764-001-X.jpeg
1641.8139999732
1976.9790000282
51383
50953
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/home_mosaique_video/public/thumbnails/video/youtube-tSknAXLMA24.jpg
1642.0090002939
1989.5390002057
83317
82886
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/home_mosaique_video/public/youtube/G1_jlkNO13k.jpg
1642.272000201
2298.7270001322
85685
85253
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/home_mosaique_video/public/thumbnails/video/youtube-FbZtXg8lb7I.jpg
1642.4360000528
2328.3080002293
65529
65098
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/grand_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100819577-001-X.jpeg
1642.7400000393
2258.079000283
42489
42058
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/grand_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100821334-001-X.jpeg
1643.0040001869
2275.2320002764
53037
52606
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/grand_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100824861-001-X.jpeg
1643.6540000141
2256.7040002905
57186
56755
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://sdk.privacy-center.org/a6aa1a48-a18c-4d91-8e3a-2d4a1ef9ec9a/loader.js?target=www.dunod.com
1643.8970002346
1715.0739999488
3640
7960
200
application/javascript
Script
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__9FODXrEtntKS2p5TvtTcU_F-mMo8daQwyVHwAEvUIps__StrpP9jHtvm7BIXEsLOhPhgicFOF2kJQuSH0mp24rpU__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.css
1661.737000104
5377.5280001573
13246
109338
200
text/css
Stylesheet
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/grand_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100797158-001-X.jpeg
1644.0989999101
2297.6520000957
82032
81600
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/petit_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100797158-001-X.jpeg
1644.2309999838
2160.2110001259
23287
22856
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/grand_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100805556-001-X.jpeg
1644.4570003077
2299.9390000477
66820
66388
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/petit_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100805556-001-X.jpeg
1644.7550002486
1775.9420000948
19322
18892
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/grand_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100810635-001-X.jpeg
1644.9959999882
3524.7849998996
41906
41475
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/petit_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100810635-001-X.jpeg
1645.1369998977
2094.9329999276
11998
11567
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/grand_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100809189-001-X.jpeg
1645.3920002095
6593.1379999965
82622
82190
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/petit_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100809189-001-X.jpeg
1645.5450002104
2190.7410002314
22415
21984
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/grand_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100801848-001-X.jpeg
1645.7740003243
2271.9650003128
89920
89488
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/petit_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100801848-001-X.jpeg
1646.0730000399
2187.1050000191
21695
21264
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/grand_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100811731-001-X.jpeg
1646.196000278
2314.7750003263
68253
67821
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/petit_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100811731-001-X.jpeg
1646.3860003278
3429.3100000359
19873
19442
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/grand_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100791712-001-X.jpeg
1646.5870002285
2252.8610001318
71546
71114
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/grand_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100819713-001-X.jpeg
1646.8279999681
2298.2649998739
48604
48173
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/petit_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100819713-001-X.jpeg
1647.2289999947
2092.2699999064
13623
13192
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/grand_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100813230-001-X.jpeg
1647.4580001086
2258.8180000894
54164
53733
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/petit_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100813230-001-X.jpeg
1647.6280000061
2165.5669999309
15624
15193
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/grand_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100805464-001-X.jpeg
1647.7970001288
5555.2580002695
73605
73173
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/petit_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100805464-001-X.jpeg
1648.0310000479
5106.5810001455
21774
21343
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/grand_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100805839-001-X.jpeg
1648.2210000977
4540.2430002578
78435
78003
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/petit_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100805839-001-X.jpeg
1648.3760001138
2171.2580001913
22538
22107
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/grand_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100800872-001-X.jpeg
1648.5350001603
2296.3310000487
80724
80292
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/petit_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100800872-001-X.jpeg
1648.707000073
2165.0430001318
22180
21749
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/grand_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100819355-001-X.jpeg
1648.9050001837
2524.1340002976
43253
42822
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/petit_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100819355-001-X.jpeg
1649.1120001301
4453.7420002744
13908
13477
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/grand_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100793334-001-X.jpeg
1649.2530000396
6739.7429998964
49264
48833
200
image/jpeg
Image
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/petit_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100793334-001-X.jpeg
1649.3959999643
4441.9880001806
13754
13323
200
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image/gif
Image
https://px.ads.linkedin.com/collect?v=2&fmt=js&pid=185049&time=1609857065219&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dunod.com%2F&cookiesTest=true
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Image
https://www.facebook.com/tr/?id=232319887244446&ev=PageView&dl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dunod.com%2F&rl=&if=false&ts=1609857065320&sw=360&sh=640&v=2.9.31&r=stable&ec=0&o=30&fbp=fb.1.1609857065317.135716812&it=1609857065258&coo=false&rqm=GET
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image/gif
Image
https://www.linkedin.com/px/li_sync?redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fpx.ads.linkedin.com%2Fcollect%3Fv%3D2%26fmt%3Djs%26pid%3D185049%26time%3D1609857065219%26url%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.dunod.com%252F%26cookiesTest%3Dtrue%26liSync%3Dtrue
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https://ib.adnxs.com/getuid?https://cookie-matching.mediarithmics.com/input?key=APX&apx_uid=$UID&action=GATHER_ID&opid=apx
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image/gif
Script
https://cm.g.doubleclick.net/pixel?google_nid=medr&google_cm&key=GOO&action=GATHER_ID&opid=goo
2444.6829999797
2452.5190000422
1245
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text/html
https://cm.g.doubleclick.net/pixel?google_nid=medr&google_cm=&key=GOO&action=GATHER_ID&opid=goo&google_tc=
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2459.8290002905
1448
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text/html
https://cookie-matching.mediarithmics.com/input?key=GOO&key=GOO&action=GATHER_ID&opid=goo&google_gid=CAESEGuOVpMPzfah4fdqxeqV-EQ&google_cver=1
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540
240
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application/javascript
Script
https://px.ads.linkedin.com/collect?v=2&fmt=js&pid=185049&time=1609857065219&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dunod.com%2F&cookiesTest=true&liSync=true
2487.6570003107
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https://p.adsymptotic.com/d/px/?_pid=16218&_psign=0aa5badf92527f7732e22463d6fa4dbc&coopa=0&gdpr=0&gdpr_consent=&_puuid=f4a8f115-d176-4fee-8e0a-6f9f09556db8
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https://cookie-matching.mediarithmics.com/v1/getids?$site_token=dunod&utidl=tech:goo:CAESEGuOVpMPzfah4fdqxeqV-EQ
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application/javascript
Script
https://p.adsymptotic.com/d/px/?_pid=16218&_psign=0aa5badf92527f7732e22463d6fa4dbc&coopa=0&gdpr=0&gdpr_consent=&_puuid=f4a8f115-d176-4fee-8e0a-6f9f09556db8&_expected_cookie=2d7e4baa90d615f0852386393e282b7a
2576.019000262
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image/gif
Image
https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,400,700
2631.6229999065
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1643
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text/css
Stylesheet
https://cdn.wisepops.com/shared/images/wisepops/199181/2cc394563f4a3f2a9816cf44e611741e.jpg
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33145
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image/webp
Image
https://cdn.wisepops.com/shared/images/wisepops/199181/8af037675e43fd44416fdcf8db4d2340.jpg
2682.0740001276
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image/webp
Image
https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v20/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmSU5fBBc4AMP6lQ.woff2
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Font
https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v20/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu4mxKKTU1Kg.woff2
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Font
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font/woff2
Font
https://events.mediarithmics.com/v1/visits/pixel?lang=fr&page_type=home&page_category=home&%24ev=page_view&%24referrer=&%24url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dunod.com%2F&%24tcfapi=1&%24vid=10772093445&%24lts=1609857065508&%24sv=2.0&%24site_token=dunod&%24tv=1.5.5&%24delay=jso-%7B%22%24push%22%3A615%2C%22%24start%22%3A171%2C%22%24gather_id_end%22%3A420%2C%22%24beacon%22%3Afalse%7D
2769.7220002301
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Other
https://www.facebook.com/tr/?id=232319887244446&ev=Microdata&dl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dunod.com%2F&rl=&if=false&ts=1609857065825&cd[DataLayer]=%5B%5D&cd[Meta]=%7B%22title%22%3A%22Livres%20en%20sciences%20et%20techniques%2C%20entreprise%20et%20%C3%A9conomie%2C%20sciences%20humaines%20et%20sociales%2C%20pr%C3%A9pas%20et%20concours%2C%20culture%20et%20loisirs%20-%20Dunod%22%2C%22meta%3Adescription%22%3A%22Dunod%20Editions.%20Edition%20de%20livres%20de%20savoirs%20pour%20%C3%A9tudiants%2C%20professionnels%2C%20amateurs%20en%20entreprise%2C%20sciences%2C%20techniques%2C%20informatique%2C%20psy%2C%20bien-%C3%AAtre%20et%20lo...%22%2C%22meta%3Akeywords%22%3A%22Dunod%2C%20%C3%A9dition%2C%20%C3%A9ditions%2C%20%C3%A9diteur%2C%20%C3%A9diteurs%2C%20livre%2C%20livres%22%7D&cd[OpenGraph]=%7B%22og%3Asite_name%22%3A%22Dunod%22%2C%22og%3Atype%22%3A%22website%22%2C%22og%3Aurl%22%3A%22https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dunod.com%2F%22%2C%22og%3Atitle%22%3A%22Livres%20en%20sciences%20et%20techniques%2C%20entreprise%20et%20%C3%A9conomie%2C%20sciences%20humaines%20et%20sociales%2C%20pr%C3%A9pas%20et%20concours%2C%20culture%20et%20loisirs%20-%20Dunod%22%2C%22og%3Adescription%22%3A%22Dunod%20Editions.%20Edition%20de%20livres%20de%20savoirs%20pour%20%C3%A9tudiants%2C%20professionnels%2C%20amateurs%20en%20entreprise%2C%20sciences%2C%20techniques%2C%20informatique%2C%20psy%2C%20bien-%C3%AAtre%20et%20loisirs.%22%7D&cd[Schema.org]=%5B%5D&cd[JSON-LD]=%5B%5D&sw=360&sh=640&v=2.9.31&r=stable&ec=1&o=30&fbp=fb.1.1609857065317.135716812&it=1609857065258&coo=false&es=automatic&tm=3&rqm=GET
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image/gif
Image
https://tracking.wisepops.com/_.gif?e=d&p=199181
5161.1120002344
5173.9509999752
0
0
-1
Other
Network Round Trip Times — 0 ms
High Network RTT (Round Trip Times) can have a large impact on performance. Providing servers geographically closer to the user could improve performance.
Server Backend Latencies — 0 ms
High server latencies indicate the server is overloaded or has a poor backend performance.
Tasks
Below is a list of the top-level main thread tasks that executed during page load.
Start Time (Ms) End Time (Ms)
894.495
7.77
906.439
6.097
1576.268
25.479
1620.791
73.136
1693.947
60.444
1758.345
305.966
2064.331
17.029
2081.771
7.623
2102.447
27.393
2142.086
6.821
2156.687
12.76
2171.906
11.039
2222.914
86.546
2327.401
14.632
2343.885
12.899
2365.477
6.014
2373.183
17.173
2390.424
13.473
2410.316
10.455
2441.517
25.216
2623.49
81.681
2705.212
8.573
2715.845
41.282
2759.047
13.157
2776.72
5.432
2782.164
7.884
2802.151
25.714
2965.811
5.48
5181.2
11.24
5192.459
5.099
5405.545
5.979
6910.662
5.297
6916.715
16.766
7197.511
7.754
Diagnostics
Below is a collection of useful page vitals.
View Data
Metrics
Below is a collection of metrics.
View Data

Opportunities

Remove unused CSS — Potential savings of 87 KiB
Dead and/or unused rules in Style Sheets (CSS) can contribute to network payload sizes. Dunod.com should consider removing dead rules from style sheets and deferring the loading of CSS not used for above-the-fold content.
URL Transfer Size (Bytes) Potential Savings (Bytes)
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__-jM_TWgLhSA_27OWDzghnIqtO9eh0C5Q2PoSSEXwxOs__21--u8Buc1lCnDvA5HtoK6VEnPP8ZRTrefmp89kco04__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.css
84275
75852
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__9FODXrEtntKS2p5TvtTcU_F-mMo8daQwyVHwAEvUIps__StrpP9jHtvm7BIXEsLOhPhgicFOF2kJQuSH0mp24rpU__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.css
13246
13246

Diagnostics

Reduce JavaScript execution time — 2.8 s
JavaScript (JS) execution time can be lowered by reducing the time required for parsing, compiling and executing JS. Delivering smaller JS payloads may help with this.
URL Total CPU Time (Ms) Script Evaluation (Ms) Script Parse (Ms)
https://www.dunod.com/
1406.044
147.08
11.236
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__vmePF4Dp8bPkg81UKngZykilw5OZS1fP5YnScEtCamY__88qaN3RQRoWJWSSy4pYZ0ThWl6Qld-KykYSR11si74k__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.js
1292.076
973.672
10.424
Unattributable
748.288
10.472
0.532
https://cdn.wisepops.com/shared/wisepops/f1e63fa8d8d0f6b9403e5f1c3277b2c2/199181.js?v=1607599478000
585.692
435.7
12.78
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__ygedkqe4lp_DH8X4On0j-bmYHKoH_S67YvkzaynREiw__fZKk0rXlCMO5i8x2XG6OfPijegCuM8sK99FjuF6kacQ__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.js
446.832
397.612
15.04
https://sdk.privacy-center.org/sdk.5ec8c25edcc51eff75bea5a5610b2ef41a0c0f16.js
351.112
311.5
20.36
https://connect.facebook.net/signals/config/232319887244446?v=2.9.31&r=stable
122.784
96.856
17.132
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-K4TLZCN
107.756
80.184
18.552
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__-jM_TWgLhSA_27OWDzghnIqtO9eh0C5Q2PoSSEXwxOs__21--u8Buc1lCnDvA5HtoK6VEnPP8ZRTrefmp89kco04__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.css
101.916
0
0
https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js
74.308
65.2
4.148
https://loader.wisepops.com/get-loader.js?v=1&user_id=34037
65.4
57.88
2.972
https://static.mediarithmics.com/tag/1/tag.min.js
59.384
41.636
11.124
https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js
53.892
42.44
8.62

Metrics

First Contentful Paint — 5.3 s
The time taken for the first image or text on the page to be rendered.
Speed Index — 10.2 s
The time taken for the page contents to be visibly populated.
Largest Contentful Paint — 8.3 s
The timing of the largest text or image that is painted.
Time to Interactive — 9.5 s
The time taken for the page to become fully interactive.
Total Blocking Time — 1,190 ms
The total blocking time is the sum of all time periods between First Contentful Paint and Time to Interactive (when task length exceeded 50ms).

Other

First CPU Idle — 9.1 s
The time taken for the page's main thread to be quiet enough to handle input.
Max Potential First Input Delay — 610 ms
Users could experience a delay when interacting with the page.
First Meaningful Paint — 5.6 s
The time taken for the primary content of the page to be rendered.
Estimated Input Latency — 200 ms
The time taken for the page to respond to user input (during the busiest 5 second window of page load). Users are likely to perceive dunod.com as laggy when the latency is higher than 0.05 seconds.
First Contentful Paint (3G) — 10523 ms
The time taken for the first image or text on the page to be rendered while on a 3G network.

Opportunities

Eliminate render-blocking resources — Potential savings of 3,570 ms
Resources, such as JavaScript and style sheets, can block the first paint of the page. Dunod.com should consider delivering critical JavaScript/style sheets (JS/CSS) inline and deferring all non-critical JS/CSS.
URL Transfer Size (Bytes) Potential Savings (Ms)
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__-jM_TWgLhSA_27OWDzghnIqtO9eh0C5Q2PoSSEXwxOs__21--u8Buc1lCnDvA5HtoK6VEnPP8ZRTrefmp89kco04__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.css
84275
1830
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__mn06S9Kpk7M2XBKYkxycoo1SDEvW5WM_LLL_Xd_fFrc__KL9fbWPuy1w7FTOJbl6O-OKiDC0zANERthXhZ7dFf50__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.css
1500
480
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__vmePF4Dp8bPkg81UKngZykilw5OZS1fP5YnScEtCamY__88qaN3RQRoWJWSSy4pYZ0ThWl6Qld-KykYSR11si74k__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.js
36728
1380
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__kjEdPT3y7lyqV1kBfpJuGWvlWw7H6hVe1LTIiDsi9bg__4xDbmF8Fd9E2CjEVMrY31W1pK5gGzace2bV_ahZk_sk__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.js
1648
480
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__fIX34OXVx_PTMM7xNv5VTwAgmztqgs9WQPphvX97xXs__CrDs0gTQjXRmIST104WLbMxjUwqV3qxK8mdk6arzCqU__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.js
4289
630
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__ILcDTlNIroDg6fLpLx5XaE24njreDs0cp5j56OwbVDM__XC3V27iHliKd0yiaNPErYzWLPaQY4CdbjGE_Z6-oOi0__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.js
843
480
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__HJgz6LBUJ0v713V5NY-IC2v7CNX1Ay4cGfmxn5PrBWU__U_ZZuqZlcCuYPecwNpanUiCqDXA4kuOi-8_gP_vRb3E__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.js
9019
480
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__oflX1yVtvl-lXtCEhXuyL70h3H-e74-LfpwExO08mg8__GmRqAPLxgq0i3Ryg7XRVWaE0dF4ry5mfjslNXGiXT-s__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.js
3712
330
https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api
1367
780
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__ygedkqe4lp_DH8X4On0j-bmYHKoH_S67YvkzaynREiw__fZKk0rXlCMO5i8x2XG6OfPijegCuM8sK99FjuF6kacQ__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.js
64385
1230
Properly size images — Potential savings of 586 KiB
Images can slow down the page's load time. Dunod.com should consider serving more appropriate-sized images.
URL Resource Size (Bytes) Potential Savings (Bytes)
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/landing_custom_teaser/public/thumbnails/image/selection-nouveaute-dunod-innivation-tech-informatique-et-digitale.jpg
299073
135626
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/landing_custom_teaser/public/thumbnails/image/selection-dunod-livres-home-sweet-home.jpg
272494
123573
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/landing_custom_teaser/public/thumbnails/image/les-meilleurs-livres-de-design-graphique.jpg
259046
117474
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/landing_custom_teaser/public/thumbnails/image/selection-culture-dunod-ebook-novembre-2020.jpg
238359
108093
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/landing_custom_teaser/public/thumbnails/image/selection-bien-etre-et-developpement-personnel.jpg
238044
107950
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/grand_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100805556-001-X.jpeg
66388
7745
Remove unused JavaScript — Potential savings of 155 KiB
It is advised to remove unused JavaScript in order to reduce bytes consumed by network activity.
URL Transfer Size (Bytes) Potential Savings (Bytes)
https://connect.facebook.net/signals/config/232319887244446?v=2.9.31&r=stable
72086
54308
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__ygedkqe4lp_DH8X4On0j-bmYHKoH_S67YvkzaynREiw__fZKk0rXlCMO5i8x2XG6OfPijegCuM8sK99FjuF6kacQ__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.js
64385
37756
https://sdk.privacy-center.org/sdk.5ec8c25edcc51eff75bea5a5610b2ef41a0c0f16.js
80235
36522
https://www.youtube.com/s/player/5dd3f3b2/www-widgetapi.vflset/www-widgetapi.js
37533
30421
Efficiently encode images — Potential savings of 2,846 KiB
Unoptimized images can consume more cellular data than what is necessary.
URL Resource Size (Bytes) Potential Savings (Bytes)
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/home_une_mobile/public/thumbnails/image/reussir-transformation-digitale-dans-la-fonction-publique.jpg?timestamp=1605536822
349375
220879
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/home_une_mobile/public/thumbnails/image/revelez-les-super-pouvoirs-de-votre-memoire.jpg?timestamp=1605542617
279104
184387
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/landing_custom_teaser/public/thumbnails/image/selection-nouveaute-dunod-innivation-tech-informatique-et-digitale.jpg
299073
164808
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/landing_custom_teaser/public/thumbnails/image/les-meilleurs-livres-de-design-graphique.jpg
259046
133626
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/landing_custom_teaser/public/thumbnails/image/selection-dunod-livres-home-sweet-home.jpg
272494
132847
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/landing_custom_teaser/public/thumbnails/image/selection-bien-etre-et-developpement-personnel.jpg
238044
131783
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/landing_custom_teaser/public/thumbnails/image/selection-culture-dunod-ebook-novembre-2020.jpg
238359
118669
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/grand_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/9782100783311-001-X.jpeg
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https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/menu_nos_blogs_vignette/public/menuimage/logo_bien_etre_rose_jaune.jpg
1209600000
8476
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/petit_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/salon-strategie-client.png
1209600000
8415
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/petit_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/logo_coorpacademy.png
1209600000
7950
https://www.dunod.com/sites/all/themes/dunod/logo-2020.png
1209600000
5828
https://www.dunod.com/sites/all/themes/dunod/images/ajax-loader.gif
1209600000
5730
https://www.dunod.com/sites/all/themes/dunod/images/icons/social/icons2.png
1209600000
5136
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/petit_desktop/public/thumbnails/image/logo_ares-avenir.png
1209600000
4056
https://www.dunod.com/sites/all/themes/dunod/images/icons/icon_cc.png
1209600000
2869
https://www.dunod.com/sites/all/themes/dunod/images/icons/icon_cart@2x.png
1209600000
2155
https://www.dunod.com/sites/all/themes/dunod/images/icons/icon_user@2x.png
1209600000
2148
https://www.dunod.com/sites/all/themes/dunod/images/icons/icon_truck.png
1209600000
1905
https://www.dunod.com/sites/all/themes/dunod/images/icons/enseignant.svg
1209600000
1840
https://www.dunod.com/sites/all/themes/dunod/images/icons/to_top@2x.png
1209600000
1700
https://www.dunod.com/sites/all/themes/dunod/images/icons/icon_search_nav@2x.png
1209600000
1444
https://www.dunod.com/sites/all/themes/dunod/images/arrow_yellow_down_big@2x.png
1209600000
1338
https://www.dunod.com/sites/all/themes/dunod/images/icons/icon_email@2x.png
1209600000
1231
https://www.dunod.com/sites/all/themes/dunod/images/icons/icon_contact.png
1209600000
1174
https://www.dunod.com/sites/all/themes/dunod/images/icons/icon_prevnext_big.png
1209600000
1080
https://www.dunod.com/sites/all/themes/dunod/images/icons/icon_aide.png
1209600000
1045
https://www.dunod.com/sites/all/themes/dunod/images/icons/footer_right.png
1209600000
1035
https://www.dunod.com/sites/all/themes/dunod/images/icons/icon_echange.png
1209600000
884
Avoid an excessive DOM size — 3,323 elements
A large DOM (Document Object Model) will increase memory usage, cause longer system calculations as well as costly layout reflows.
Statistic Element Value
Total DOM Elements
3,323
Maximum DOM Depth
29
Maximum Child Elements
14
Minimize main-thread work — 5.6 s
Main-thread work timing can be lowered by reducing the time required for parsing, compiling and executing JS. Delivering smaller JS payloads may help with this.
Category Time Spent (Ms)
Script Evaluation
2753.324
Other
1070.272
Style & Layout
897.684
Rendering
357.008
Parse HTML & CSS
278.276
Script Parsing & Compilation
170.284
Garbage Collection
65.668
Ensure text remains visible during webfont load
Make use of the font-display CSS feature, which will ensure text is user-visible while webfonts are loading.
URL Potential Savings (Ms)
https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/worksans/v8/QGYsz_wNahGAdqQ43Rh_fKDptfpA4Q.woff2
3.5080001689494
https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/montserrat/v15/JTUSjIg1_i6t8kCHKm459WlhyyTh89Y.woff2
3.2469998113811
https://www.dunod.com/sites/all/themes/dunod/fonts/fontawesome/fontawesome-webfont.woff2?v=4.7.0
3000
https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v20/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmSU5fBBc4AMP6lQ.woff2
2.7099996805191
https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v20/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu4mxKKTU1Kg.woff2
2.6400000788271
https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v20/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmWUlfBBc4AMP6lQ.woff2
2.6779999025166
Reduce the impact of third-party code — Third-party code blocked the main thread for 290 ms
It is advised to either limit, remove or delay the loading of redundant third-party code which may be significantly impacting load performance.
Third-Party Transfer Size (Bytes) Main-Thread Blocking Time (Ms)
129145
255.22
98031
24.312
23426
10.888
99921
0
55743
0
38900
0
4586
0
3388
0
1556
0
690
0
683
0
Does not use passive listeners to improve scrolling performance
Improve the page's scroll performance by marking touch and wheel event listeners as 'passive'.
URL Location
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__vmePF4Dp8bPkg81UKngZykilw5OZS1fP5YnScEtCamY__88qaN3RQRoWJWSSy4pYZ0ThWl6Qld-KykYSR11si74k__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.js
line: 4
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__ygedkqe4lp_DH8X4On0j-bmYHKoH_S67YvkzaynREiw__fZKk0rXlCMO5i8x2XG6OfPijegCuM8sK99FjuF6kacQ__X327oPIakt7lJDYZk1u9JJap3Wxuf4z39kRXgGJQ--I.js
line: 76
84

Accessibility

Indicates how accessible the page is and highlights opportunities where the page can be made more accessible to users of dunod.com. This includes details about various page attributes that can be optimized.

Navigation

`[accesskey]` values are unique
Access keys assist users with focusing on different parts of the page. Each access key should be unique for proper navigation.
The page contains a heading, skip link, or landmark region
It is advised to provide ways to bypass repetitive content, allowing users to navigate the page efficiently.
`[id]` attributes on active, focusable elements are unique
Ensure all focusable elements have a unique id value to allow them to be visible to users of assistive technologies, like a screen reader.
Heading elements appear in a sequentially-descending order
Properly order all headers and do not skip heading levels to better the navigation and readability for users of assistive technologies, like a screen reader.
No element has a `[tabindex]` value greater than 0
Although technically valid, a tabindex value greater than 0 often creates frustrating experiences for users who rely on assistive technologies.

ARIA

`[aria-*]` attributes match their roles
Avoid mismatching 'aria-*' attributes and their 'role' value, as it invalidates the attribute.
`[aria-hidden="true"]` is not present on the document `<body>`
If aria-hidden=true is set on the document body, assistive technologies, like a screen reader will work inconsistently.
`[aria-hidden="true"]` elements do not contain focusable descendents
Interactive elements within an aria-hidden=true element are unavailable to users of assistive technologies, like a screen reader.
`[role]`s have all required `[aria-*]` attributes
Some ARIA roles have required 'aria-*' attributes, which provide essential information about state and functionality.
Elements with an ARIA `[role]` that require children to contain a specific `[role]` have all required children.
Some ARIA parent roles cannot perform their intended functions if specific child roles are not used.
`[role]`s are contained by their required parent element
Some ARIA child roles cannot perform their intended functions if specific parent roles are not used.
`[role]` values are valid
All ARIA roles require valid values to perform their intended functions.
ARIA toggle fields have accessible names
Generic names are announced to users of assistive technologies, like a screen reader, when a toggle field does not have an accessible name specified.
`[aria-*]` attributes have valid values
ARIA attributes cannot be interpreted with invalid values when used by screen readers and other assistive technologies.
`[aria-*]` attributes are valid and not misspelled
ARIA attributes cannot be interpreted with invalid names when used by screen readers and other assistive technologies.
ARIA IDs are unique
Ensure all ARIA ID values are unique to prevent elements from being overlooked by assistive technologies, like a screen reader.

Names and labels

Buttons have an accessible name
Buttons become unusable as they are announced simply as "button" when the button does not have an accessible name, when used by screen readers and other assistive technologies.
Document has a `<title>` element
Search engines, screen reader users and other assistive technology users rely on the title to provide an overview of the page and to help determine if the page is relevant to their search.
No form fields have multiple labels
Having multiple labels for form fields can be confusing to assistive technologies, like a screen reader.
`<frame>` or `<iframe>` elements have a title
Screen reader users and other assistive technology users rely on frame titles to describe the contents of frames.
Image elements have `[alt]` attributes
Provide short and descriptive alternative text where possible on informative elements.
`<input type="image">` elements have `[alt]` text
Input buttons with alternative text assist screen readers and other assistive technology users to understand its purpose.
Form elements have associated labels
Screen readers and other assistive technologies rely on labels to properly announce form controls.
`<object>` elements have `[alt]` text
It is advised that alt text is used on '<object>' elements in order to provide meaning to screen reader and other assistive technology users, as these technologies are unable to translate non-text content.

Tables and lists

`<dl>`'s contain only properly-ordered `<dt>` and `<dd>` groups, `<script>`, `<template>` or `<div>` elements.
Screen readers and other assistive technologies may produce poor and inaccurate output when definition lists are not properly marked up.
Definition list items are wrapped in `<dl>` elements
In order for screen readers and other assistive technologies to properly announce definition list items ('<dt>' and '<dd>'), they must be wrapped in parent a '<dl>' element.
Presentational `<table>` elements avoid using `<th>`, `<caption>` or the `[summary]` attribute.
It is advised to not include data elements in tables which are used for layout purposes, as it may create confusion for screen reader and other assistive technology users.
Cells in a `<table>` element that use the `[headers]` attribute refer to table cells within the same table.
Screen readers and other assistive technologies have features to make navigating tables easier. Ensure that '<td>' cells using the headers attribute only refer to other cells in the same table, to improve screen reader user experience.
`<th>` elements and elements with `[role="columnheader"/"rowheader"]` have data cells they describe.
Screen readers and other assistive technologies have features to make navigating tables easier. Ensure that table headers refer to some set of cells, to improve screen reader user experience.

Internationalization and localization

`<html>` element has a `[lang]` attribute
It is advised to provide a lang attribute so that screen readers and other assistive technologies are guaranteed to announce the page's text correctly. When not provided, the user's default language setting will be used which may cause inaccuracies.
`<html>` element has a valid value for its `[lang]` attribute
Specify a valid BCP 47 language in order to help screen readers and other assistive technologies announce text properly.
`[lang]` attributes have a valid value
Specify a valid BCP 47 language on elements in order to help screen readers and other assistive technologies announce text properly.

Best practices

The document does not use `<meta http-equiv="refresh">`
Pages that refresh automatically cause a poor user experience as focus is directed back to the top of the page unexpectedly.

Audio and video

`<video>` elements contain a `<track>` element with `[kind="captions"]`
Dunod.com may provide assistance to deaf or hearing-impaired users with captions on videos.
`<video>` elements contain a `<track>` element with `[kind="description"]`
Dunod.com may provide relevant information that dialogue cannot, by using audio descriptions.

ARIA

ARIA input fields do not have accessible names
Generic names are announced to users of assistive technologies, like a screen reader, when an input field does not have an accessible name specified.
Failing Elements

Contrast

Background and foreground colors do not have a sufficient contrast ratio.
Many (if not most) users find low-contrast text difficult or impossible to read.
Failing Elements

Names and labels

Links do not have a discernible name
In order to improve the navigation for screen reader and other assistive technology users, use link text that is unique, focusable and discernible.

Tables and lists

Lists do not contain only `<li>` elements and script supporting elements (`<script>` and `<template>`).
Use proper list structure to aid screen readers and other assistive technologies.
Failing Elements
List items (`<li>`) are not contained within `<ul>` or `<ol>` parent elements.
In order for screen readers to announce list items, ensure that list items ('<li>') are contained within parent '<ul>' or '<ol>' tags.
Failing Elements

Best practices

`[user-scalable="no"]` is used in the `<meta name="viewport">` element or the `[maximum-scale]` attribute is less than 5.
For users with low vision who rely on screen magnification, ensure that zooming is not disabled.
Failing Elements

Manual Checks

The page has a logical tab order
The visual layout should be logical in its tab order and users cannot focus elements that are offscreen.
Interactive controls are keyboard focusable
Ensure that custom interactive controls are keyboard focusable and that a focus indicator is displayed.
Interactive elements indicate their purpose and state
Ensure that interactive elements (such as links and buttons) are distinguishable from non-interactive elements and that they indicate their state.
The user's focus is directed to new content added to the page
When new content (such as a dialogue) is added to the page, the user's focus should be directed to it.
User focus is not accidentally trapped in a region
Avoid focus being accidentally trapped when a user tabs in and out of controls or regions on page.
Custom controls have associated labels
Ensure that custom interactive controls have associated labels, which are provided by aria-label and aria-labelledby attributes.
Custom controls have ARIA roles
Ensure that all custom interactive controls have appropriate ARIA roles.
Visual order on the page follows DOM order
Ensure that the DOM order matches with the page's visual order, in order to improve navigation for screen readers and other assistive technologies.
Offscreen content is hidden from assistive technology
Ensure that offscreen content is hidden through the use of "display:none" styling or the aria-hidden attribute.
HTML5 landmark elements are used to improve navigation
Elements such as <main> and <nav> are recommended as they are used by screen readers and other assistive technologies to improve keyboard navigation.
57

Best Practices

Indicates the recommended, best practices currently in place on the page and highlights the best practices that dunod.com should incorporate. This includes practices such as protecting pages with HTTPS.

Audits

Avoids requesting the geolocation permission on page load
When requesting a user's location, provide context or consider tying the request to a user action to avoid confusion and mistrust from users.
Avoids requesting the notification permission on page load
When requesting permission to send notifications, provide context or consider tying the request to a user action to avoid confusion and mistrust from users.

Audits

Allows users to paste into password fields
Ensure that password inputs may be pasted into to aid in the user's ability to use password managers and improve security.
Displays images with correct aspect ratio
Ensure that image display dimensions match their natural aspect ratio.
Fonts with `font-display: optional` are preloaded
It is recommended that optional fonts are preloaded.

Audits

Page has the HTML doctype
Ensure a doctype is specified to prevent the browser from switching to quirks-mode.
Properly defines charset
It is advised to declare a character encoding, optionally via a <meta> tag in the first 1024 bytes of the HTML or in the Content-Type HTTP response header.

Audits

Avoids Application Cache
Application cache is deprecated and is no longer recommended.
Detected JavaScript libraries
Below is a list of all front-end JavaScript libraries that were detected on the page.
Name Version
jQuery
1.10.2
Preact
10
core-js
3.0.0: pure
Avoids deprecated APIs
Avoid deprecated APIs which will eventually be removed the browser.
Page has valid source maps
Consider deploying source maps for added benefits such as the ability to debug while in production.
URL Map URL
https://cdn.wisepops.com/shared/wisepops/f1e63fa8d8d0f6b9403e5f1c3277b2c2/199181.js?v=1607599478000
https://cdn.wisepops.com/shared/wisepops/f1e63fa8d8d0f6b9403e5f1c3277b2c2/popup-bundle-bc28771d78a44661f317.js.map

Audits

Does not use HTTPS — 1 insecure request found
Ensure that all pages are protected with HTTPS (including those that do not handle sensitive data) as HTTPS prevents tampering and passive listening on communications between the app and its users. Additionally, HTTPS is a prerequisite for HTTP/2 and many new web platform APIs.
Insecure URL
http://dunod.com/
Links to cross-origin destinations are unsafe
Improve performance and prevent security vulnerabilities by adding rel="noopener" and rel="noreferrer" to external links.
Includes front-end JavaScript libraries with known security vulnerabilities — 4 vulnerabilities detected
Ensure that the use of third-party scripts is minimal and that only trusted third-party scripts are used as some may contain known security vulnerabilities which may be exploited by attackers.
Library Version Vulnerability Count Highest Severity
4
Medium

Audits

Serves images with low resolution
For maximum image clarity, ensure images have natural dimensions and are proportional to the display size and pixel ratio.
URL Displayed size Actual size Expected size
https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/styles/home_mosaique_video/public/thumbnails/video/youtube-tSknAXLMA24.jpg
323 x 182
400 x 225
848 x 478

Audits

Registers an `unload` listener
The 'unload' event does not fire reliably, causing issues with browser optimizations such as the Back-Forward Cache. It is recommended that 'pagehide' or 'visibilitychange' events are used instead.
URL
Browser errors were logged to the console
Below is a list of all errors logged to the console, which indicate unresolved problems on the site.
URL Description
https://events.mediarithmics.com/v1/visits/pixel?lang=fr&page_type=home&page_category=home&%24ev=page_view&%24referrer=&%24url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dunod.com%2F&%24tcfapi=1&%24vid=10772093445&%24lts=1609857065508&%24sv=2.0&%24site_token=dunod&%24tv=1.5.5&%24delay=jso-%7B%22%24push%22%3A615%2C%22%24start%22%3A171%2C%22%24gather_id_end%22%3A420%2C%22%24beacon%22%3Afalse%7D
Failed to load resource: net::ERR_BLOCKED_BY_CLIENT.Inspector
https://tracking.wisepops.com/_.gif?e=d&p=199181
Failed to load resource: net::ERR_BLOCKED_BY_CLIENT.Inspector
https://www.dunod.com/
Refused to execute script from 'https://ib.adnxs.com/getuid?https://cookie-matching.mediarithmics.com/input?key=APX&apx_uid=$UID&action=GATHER_ID&opid=apx' because its MIME type ('image/gif') is not executable.
100

SEO

Indicates how well the page is optimized for ranking in search engines and highlights Search Engine Optimization (SEO) opportunities for dunod.com. This includes optimizations such as providing meta data.

Mobile Friendly

Has a `<meta name="viewport">` tag with `width` or `initial-scale`
It is advised to use a '<meta name="viewport">' tag for the optimization of dunod.com on mobile screens.
Document uses legible font sizes — 99.33% legible text
Font sizes of 12px or less are too small to most mobile users without user gestures and further action. Aim for more than 60% of page text to use font sizes greater than 12px.
Source Selector % of Page Text Font Size
button, input, optgroup, select, textarea
0.46%
0px
#header .region-header #block-dunod-common-espace-enseignants .content a
0.21%
0px
99.33%
≥ 12px
Tap targets are sized appropriately — 100% appropriately sized tap targets
Interactive elements (such as buttons and links) should be appropriately spaced, sized and easy enough to select or tap with regard to their surrounding elements.

Content Best Practices

Document has a `<title>` element
Search engines, screen reader users and other assistive technology users rely on the title to provide an overview of the page and to help determine if the page is relevant to their search.
Document has a meta description
Meta descriptions may be used by search engines when displaying a link to the page and should concisely summarize the page's content.
Links have descriptive text
Make use of descriptive link text to assist search engines in understanding the content.
Image elements have `[alt]` attributes
Provide short and descriptive alternative text where possible on informative elements.
Document has a valid `hreflang`
Search engines can be instructed to list specific versions of a page for a given language or region through the use of hreflang links.
Document has a valid `rel=canonical`
Search engines can be suggested which URL should be shown in search results through the use of canonical links.
Document avoids plugins
The content of plugins cannot be indexed by search engines and many devices either restrict or do not support them.

Crawling and Indexing

Page has successful HTTP status code
Avoid pages with unsuccessful HTTP status codes as they may not be indexed by search engines.
Links are crawlable
Ensure that the 'href' attribute of anchor elements links to the appropriate destination. This allows for more pages of the site to be discovered by search engines.
Page isn’t blocked from indexing
Pages that cannot be crawled by search engines cannot be indexed or included in their search results. Ensure that search engines have permission to crawl all pages that should be indexed.
robots.txt is valid
Malformed robots.txt files prevent crawlers from understanding how a site wants to be crawled or indexed, which can be devastating to SEO.

Manual Checks

Structured data is valid
Structured data can be validated through the use of the Structured Data Testing Tool and the Structured Data Linter.
46

Progressive Web App

Indicates how valid the aspects of a Progressive Web App (PWA) are for the page and highlights opportunities to enable/improve the PWA of dunod.com. This includes details about web app manifests.

Fast and reliable

Page load is fast enough on mobile networks
Ensure that the page loads fast enough over a cellular network, to ensure good mobile user experience.

PWA Optimized

Redirects HTTP traffic to HTTPS
It is advised to redirect all HTTP traffic to HTTPS, in order to enable secure web features for all users.
Content is sized correctly for the viewport
Ensure that the width of the app's content matches the width of the viewport, otherwise the app might not be optimized for mobile screens.
Has a `<meta name="viewport">` tag with `width` or `initial-scale`
It is advised to use a '<meta name="viewport">' tag for the optimization of dunod.com on mobile screens.
Contains some content when JavaScript is not available
Apps should display alternative content for when JavaScript is disabled.

Fast and reliable

Current page does not respond with a 200 when offline
In order for Progressive Web Apps to be made available offline, ensure that the app is using a service worker.
`start_url` does not respond with a 200 when offline
Consider using a service worker for Progressive Web Apps to ensure greater reliability for the user, in the case of poor network conditions.

Installable

Does not use HTTPS — 1 insecure request found
Ensure that all pages are protected with HTTPS (including those that do not handle sensitive data) as HTTPS prevents tampering and passive listening on communications between the app and its users. Additionally, HTTPS is a prerequisite for HTTP/2 and many new web platform APIs.
Insecure URL
http://dunod.com/
Does not register a service worker that controls page and `start_url`
A service worker is used to provide Progressive Web Apps the use of features such as working offline, the ability for the app to be added to the homescreen as well as push notifications.
Web app manifest does not meet the installability requirements
User engagement may be increased by leveraging the browsers ability to proactively prompt users to add the app to their homescreen.
View Data

PWA Optimized

Is not configured for a custom splash screen
Themed splash screens ensure a high-quality user experience at launch for app users.
View Data
Does not set a theme color for the address bar.
A theme may be applied to the browser address bar, which ideally can be made to match the site.
View Data
Does not provide a valid `apple-touch-icon`
iOS users of Progressive Web Apps will benefit from an apple touch icon, which can be defined with 'apple-touch-icon', which must point to a non-transparent 192px (or 180px) square PNG.
Manifest doesn't have a maskable icon
Maskable icons are great to ensure that images fill the entire shape when installing the app on a device.

Manual Checks

Site works cross-browser
Ensure that the Progressive Web App works correctly across every major browser.
Page transitions don't feel like they block on the network
Users perceive apps with responsive, snappy transitions as higher peforming and ensures a great user experience, even on a slow network.
Each page has a URL
Ensure that all pages are deep linkable via URL. They should also be unique for the purpose of shareability on social media.
Hosting

Server Location

Server IP Address: 51.144.190.143
Continent:
Country:
Region:
City:
Longitude:
Latitude:
Currencies:
Languages:

Web Hosting Provider

Registration

Domain Registrant

Private Registration: Yes
Name: REDACTED FOR PRIVACY
Organization: DUNOD EDITEUR
Country: FR
City: REDACTED FOR PRIVACY
State:
Post Code: REDACTED FOR PRIVACY
Email: c0627b65b0b0262e59f64b10dad13487-813264@contact.gandi.net
Phone: REDACTED FOR PRIVACY
Note: Registration information is derived from various sources and may be inaccurate.

Domain Registrar

Name IP Address
GANDI SAS 146.75.77.103
Security

Visitor Safety

Mature Content: Not Likely
McAfee WebAdvisor Rating: Safe
WOT Rating: 4.6/5
WOT Trustworthiness: 92/100
WOT Child Safety: 94/100
Note: Safety information is not guaranteed.

SSL/TLS Certificate

Issued To: *.dunod.com
Issued By: Gandi Standard SSL CA 2
Valid From: 26th August, 2020
Valid To: 6th September, 2021
Subject: CN = *.dunod.com
Hash: ef8f7ba1
Issuer: CN = Gandi Standard SSL CA 2
O = Gandi
S = FR
Version: 2
Serial Number: 0xB6D752A242C418D861D8E2227A7C7258
Serial Number (Hex): B6D752A242C418D861D8E2227A7C7258
Valid From: 26th August, 2024
Valid To: 6th September, 2024
Signature Algorithm (Short Name): RSA-SHA256
Signature Algorithm (Long Name): sha256WithRSAEncryption
Authority Key Identifier: keyid:B3:90:A7:D8:C9:AF:4E:CD:61:3C:9F:7C:AD:5D:7F:41:FD:69:30:EA
Extended Key Usage: TLS Web Server Authentication, TLS Web Client Authentication
CRL Distribution Points:
Full Name:
URI:http://crl.usertrust.com/GandiStandardSSLCA2.crl

Certificate Policies: Policy: 1.3.6.1.4.1.6449.1.2.2.26
CPS: https://cps.usertrust.com
Policy: 2.23.140.1.2.1

Authority Information Access: CA Issuers - URI:http://crt.usertrust.com/GandiStandardSSLCA2.crt
OCSP - URI:http://ocsp.usertrust.com

SCT List: Signed Certificate Timestamp:
Version : v1 (0x0)
Log ID : 7D:3E:F2:F8:8F:FF:88:55:68:24:C2:C0:CA:9E:52:89:
79:2B:C5:0E:78:09:7F:2E:6A:97:68:99:7E:22:F0:D7
Timestamp : Aug 26 15:42:46.177 2020 GMT
Extensions: none
Signature : ecdsa-with-SHA256
30:46:02:21:00:8F:55:D3:06:33:F7:91:B9:F2:6F:FB:
F0:BB:C6:38:84:97:F4:85:1C:BC:DD:3A:A3:24:44:3F:
AB:8C:14:CD:86:02:21:00:E0:A6:88:34:E7:C2:C4:B1:
54:41:67:52:AA:0F:CC:5B:D9:C9:3E:81:3A:D5:39:58:
CF:CC:71:97:2B:1A:D3:6C
Signed Certificate Timestamp:
Version : v1 (0x0)
Log ID : 94:20:BC:1E:8E:D5:8D:6C:88:73:1F:82:8B:22:2C:0D:
D1:DA:4D:5E:6C:4F:94:3D:61:DB:4E:2F:58:4D:A2:C2
Timestamp : Aug 26 15:42:46.421 2020 GMT
Extensions: none
Signature : ecdsa-with-SHA256
30:45:02:20:5B:40:8D:90:A1:1A:63:8D:53:48:49:14:
23:DD:85:9D:34:CF:F5:26:8D:37:63:EA:27:72:AF:7E:
47:03:9E:18:02:21:00:EE:C2:56:10:6D:BB:E2:1A:A0:
34:3A:09:D5:F8:CE:17:94:F2:0C:2E:80:8E:7D:84:3E:
19:D6:2A:4F:AF:CB:3E
Key Usage: Digital Signature, Key Encipherment
Basic Constraints: CA:FALSE
Subject Alternative Name: DNS:dunod.com
DNS:*.dunod.com
Technical

DNS Lookup

A Records

Host IP Address Class TTL
dunod.com. 51.144.190.143 IN 10799

NS Records

Host Nameserver Class TTL
dunod.com. a.dns.gandi.net. IN 10799
dunod.com. b.dns.gandi.net. IN 10799
dunod.com. c.dns.gandi.net. IN 10799

MX Records

Priority Host Server Class TTL
0 dunod.com. dunod-com.mail.protection.outlook.com. IN 10799

SOA Records

Domain Name Primary NS Responsible Email TTL
dunod.com. a.dns.gandi.net. hostmaster.gandi.net. 10799

TXT Records

Host Value Class TTL
dunod.com. adobe-idp-site-verification=c2b8453cb0c541e2398ea6b571f8677d9fff38d929f671ed75b0b458062c2813 IN 10799
dunod.com. google-site-verification=Df3KhXS5TDpvIajTw3rs572K5QJX7qVd3R3NNCjexC0 IN 10799
dunod.com. MS=ms93965365 IN 10799
dunod.com. v=spf1 IN 10799

HTTP Response Headers

HTTP-Code: HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: 5th January, 2021
Server: Apache
Cache-Control: public, max-age=0
Expires: 19th November, 1978
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-Drupal-Cache: HIT
Etag: "1609856247-0"
Content-Language: fr
X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN
Link: <https://www.dunod.com/>; rel="canonical"
Last-Modified: 5th January, 2021
Vary: Cookie
Content-Security-Policy: upgrade-insecure-requests

Whois Lookup

Created: 7th February, 1997
Changed: 10th December, 2020
Expires: 8th February, 2021
Registrar: GANDI SAS
Status: clientTransferProhibited
Nameservers: a.dns.gandi.net
b.dns.gandi.net
c.dns.gandi.net
Owner Name: REDACTED FOR PRIVACY
Owner Organization: DUNOD EDITEUR
Owner Street: REDACTED FOR PRIVACY
Owner Post Code: REDACTED FOR PRIVACY
Owner City: REDACTED FOR PRIVACY
Owner Country: FR
Owner Phone: REDACTED FOR PRIVACY
Owner Email: c0627b65b0b0262e59f64b10dad13487-813264@contact.gandi.net
Admin Name: Arnaud Arnaud ROBERT
Admin Organization: HACHETTE LIVRE
Admin Street: 58 rue Jean Bleuzen
Admin Post Code: 92170
Admin City: VANVES
Admin Country: FR
Admin Phone: +33.130662144
Admin Email: 6a2222f5531dda992f90255c06afb766-17767@contact.gandi.net
Tech Name: Sebastien CRETE
Tech Organization: HACHETTE LIVRE
Tech Street: 58 rue Jean Bleuzen
Tech Post Code: 92170
Tech City: VANVES
Tech Country: FR
Tech Phone: +33.130662144
Tech Email: c8bd2223542ca349e968b07946f2949e-17768@contact.gandi.net
Full Whois: Domain Name: dunod.com
Registry Domain ID: 1761892_DOMAIN_COM-VRSN
Registrar WHOIS Server: whois.gandi.net
Registrar URL: http://www.gandi.net
Updated Date: 2020-12-10T04:03:11Z
Creation Date: 1997-02-07T05:00:00Z
Registrar Registration Expiration Date: 2021-02-08T05:00:00Z
Registrar: GANDI SAS
Registrar IANA ID: 81
Registrar Abuse Contact Email: abuse@support.gandi.net
Registrar Abuse Contact Phone: +33.170377661
Reseller: HACHETTE LIVRE
Domain Status: clientTransferProhibited http://www.icann.org/epp#clientTransferProhibited
Domain Status:
Domain Status:
Domain Status:
Domain Status:
Registry Registrant ID: REDACTED FOR PRIVACY
Registrant Name: REDACTED FOR PRIVACY
Registrant Organization: DUNOD EDITEUR
Registrant Street: REDACTED FOR PRIVACY
Registrant City: REDACTED FOR PRIVACY
Registrant State/Province:
Registrant Postal Code: REDACTED FOR PRIVACY
Registrant Country: FR
Registrant Phone: REDACTED FOR PRIVACY
Registrant Phone Ext:
Registrant Fax: REDACTED FOR PRIVACY
Registrant Fax Ext:
Registrant Email: c0627b65b0b0262e59f64b10dad13487-813264@contact.gandi.net
Registry Admin ID:
Admin Name: Arnaud Arnaud ROBERT
Admin Organization: HACHETTE LIVRE
Admin Street: 58 rue Jean Bleuzen
Admin City: VANVES
Admin State/Province:
Admin Postal Code: 92170
Admin Country: FR
Admin Phone: +33.130662144
Admin Phone Ext:
Admin Fax:
Admin Fax Ext:
Admin Email: 6a2222f5531dda992f90255c06afb766-17767@contact.gandi.net
Registry Tech ID:
Tech Name: Sebastien CRETE
Tech Organization: HACHETTE LIVRE
Tech Street: 58 rue Jean Bleuzen
Tech City: VANVES
Tech State/Province:
Tech Postal Code: 92170
Tech Country: FR
Tech Phone: +33.130662144
Tech Phone Ext:
Tech Fax:
Tech Fax Ext:
Tech Email: c8bd2223542ca349e968b07946f2949e-17768@contact.gandi.net
Name Server: A.DNS.GANDI.NET
Name Server: B.DNS.GANDI.NET
Name Server: C.DNS.GANDI.NET
Name Server:
Name Server:
Name Server:
Name Server:
Name Server:
Name Server:
Name Server:
DNSSEC: Unsigned
URL of the ICANN WHOIS Data Problem Reporting System: http://wdprs.internic.net/
>>> Last update of WHOIS database: 2021-01-05T14:30:21Z <<<

For more information on Whois status codes, please visit
https://www.icann.org/epp

Reseller Email:
Reseller URL:

Personal data access and use are governed by French law, any use for the purpose of unsolicited mass commercial advertising as well as any mass or automated inquiries (for any intent other than the registration or modification of a domain name) are strictly forbidden. Copy of whole or part of our database without Gandi's endorsement is strictly forbidden.
A dispute over the ownership of a domain name may be subject to the alternate procedure established by the Registry in question or brought before the courts.
For additional information, please contact us via the following form:
https://www.gandi.net/support/contacter/mail/

Nameservers

Name IP Address
a.dns.gandi.net 173.246.98.1
b.dns.gandi.net 213.167.229.1
c.dns.gandi.net 217.70.179.1
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Subdomains

Domain Subdomain
medias

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Backlink Competitors

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Sites hosted on the same IP address

Domain Valuation Snoop Score
$3,441 USD 3/5
$4,914 USD 3/5
$8,815 USD 3/5
$1,000 USD 2/5